The Western Defense and the Great Strategy of his Nations

Since more than two decades, the USA has been systematically reducing his Defense budgets. Free of the threat of a global confrontation with the USSR and his allies of the Warsaw Pact, the USA has dedicated growing quantities of the contributors money to increase their squalid «social public expenditures». But, the USA is something more than a «continent in their self», only subject to the mercantile globalization. They are the principal pillar of the West Defense. And they are one of his two poles or vital, active, ideological and complementary nodes. And the other are Western and Oriental Europe, joined now with their anxieties of freedom and by a several social and economic systems, that are imperfect, but assumed and in development.

Development of the situation of weakness.

During the application of the Marshall Plan (known there as the European Recovery Program, name toked from the general of five stars George Marshall, chief of the High Staff of the US Army during the World War II and Secretary of State in 1947) for the reconstruction and development of Western Europa, this was nourished with the American assistances and investments. And before his voracious Red enemy «ad portam», that might cross theoretically the German plains in a few hours and reach Hamburg and the Benelux, the western Europeans did not have to realize relevant expenses for their Defense. Europe was entrusting it to the weapon systems and the soldiers of the USA. Which were covering and threatening the whole low abdomen of the Red Czars Empire. Forming so placed a protective insulating cordon, from the North Atlantic up to the Pacific Ocean and creating strategic alliances from the NATO to the SEATO (or South East Asia Treaty Organization). If we want to estimate how much money and effort the Europeans saved themselves, been able to do without these inevitable expenses of pure survival, we can see an example. The overwhelming weight of the military expenses that supported the USSR in his last ten years, was the necessary reason, though not sufficient, of their social economic asphyxiation. That took them to the inevitable precipice in 1989. A second range Soviet leader accepted later that, «we even did not have anything to eat».

But Europe also was contributing an ideological counterpoint, a psychological balance and a socio cultural magma to this transversal «mutual exchange» in the West. That were giving to the USA, continuity, sense and belonging to a tradition and to an active, enterprising, expansive, Christian and millenarian idiosyncrasy. That were taken root in the Greeks, the Romans, the Christian Revelation and the identities and baggages of the peoples westernized successively. This helps to constantly create and adapt the collective identity of the USA and his raison d’être as «primus inter pares» of this actual civilization. And this «double osmosis» of thoughts, experiences and identities, creates the modern western society, as we know her. That, with all his failures, mistakes and faults, continues being the «social identity and entity» more anticipated social, political and economically. And the one that more individual and collective rights recognizes to her citizens and inhabitants.

Now the purple and the control in West weighs to the USA. And, in the retreating phase of one of their vital cycles, they have partly forgotten their belonging to the Western Civilization » dependent of the international commerce». But this multi polar world is not safer than that of the two antagonistic irreconcilable, liberal and communist, social blocks, which disappeared almost 15 years ago. Let’s see several examples of prominent «nodes» in the actual «multi polar network» of nations and their associations and alliances. An expansionist China governed by the Communist Party, who looks for regional alliances, for the moment only with commercial interests towards the scanty and strategic materials, with the emergent countries of all the continents. And that tries to create her «sphere of influence and co prosperity» of great metropolis in the western Pacific Ocean. A full of contradictions Russia, a great power that always has reacted and has grown bolder with the dangers and vital difficulties, with an increasing importance and ambition. The South American and African continents, in that almost only the lack of leaders and effective elites, which are the principal antidote against the corruption and the lack of stable investments, hinder and stop an exuberant and endured economic and social expansion during decades. A Middle East and a north of Africa in full social boiling, that are guided by an expansive, global and exclusive religion in her more vindicator interpretations. More than for a few democratic «green buds», which do not have any tradition in their social idiosyncrasies.

A stationary and bureaucratized Europe, very advanced technologically and developed. But that is ideologically lethargic and without «reasonable illusions». That motivate and stimulate it to the social phase of motivation and expansion of a new cycle. And without having attacked to his time, still, the most difficult integration of his supranational institutions. To that there are opposed passively all the national and European bureaucracies, for his own inert existential weight, and in reason to the structural present and future complications and to the zones of power in game. That motivate and stimulate it to the phase of socials motivation and expansion in a new vital cycle. And without having undertook in time, still, the most difficult integration of her supranational institutions. To which are passively opposed all the national and European bureaucracies, by their own inert existential weight. And in reason to the structural present and future complications and to the zones of power in game. Because only when the belonging to a social superior entity produces social, political and economic tangible benefits, will be when the peoples, regions and many of their leaders appreciate, be interested and prefer the Joined Europe, to a commercialized and amorphous union of European nations.

Correction of the course of the Western Defense towards an expansion phase .

The USA and the countries of the old Europe must remember that the expansion and yet the maintenance of the civilizations begin with the arrival of the colonists, merchants and adventurers. That assume the first risks in interacting with local natives and create the first bonds between strangers. In order that all they start feeling interestedly complementary between them. And without nobody perceives between them a potential threat. That the falling back civilizations or yet «stable and crystallized», create an existential emptiness. That attracts and favors the penetration, deployment and new developments in the neighboring civilizations.

And that no healthy civilization cannot be supported without a sufficient Armed Forces. That must assume and face the different and yet contradictory challenges of the three classes of conflicts or modern wars: the regular, the nuclear and the irregular. In the European intervention in Libya, authorized only for the air protection of the civilians, was observed that the Europeans lack, for example, of airplanes of supply of fuel in flight. And these had to be facilitated by the USA, to carry out our air interdiction missions and of bombing the reinforced positions and the tanks of Libyan government. And the ground attacking French aviation to support the operations of the French and of Mali troops has also needed the airplanes of supply in flight of the USA. To be able to increase her attack to land capacities, in firepower, effective range and time of service and optimize his offensive flights. And to displace from Azawad’s Islamic Republic, in the north of Mali and with a surface of 600 thousand Km2. (The major European country, France, only has 550 thousand Km2.), all the radical islamist groups (al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib, Ansar al-Dine and others), that established themselves in Mali at the beginning of 2012, when Gaddafi was eliminated. The significant European lacks are not corrected in reasonable time due to the national diminishing budgets, which we have to apply in an economic long stagnation phase. But, also, due to the own absence of an European sufficient, integrated and flexible Defense Politic.

Nevertheless, in May, 2012 a summit conference of NATO took place in Chicago, to define his joint strategy for Afghanistan and to deep into the «Smart Defense». And, on the occasion of its preparations, at the end of April, 2012, the General Secretary of the NATO, the Danish Anders Fogh Basmussen declared that: «I do not believe that Europe is being militarily threatened just now, during this crisis». Is it necessary to see the wolf’s ears to buy and to provide the shepherds with dogs and cudgels? How much time is necessary in creating new units in combat capacity and in designing, making and deploying new weapon systems?

(TO BE CONTINUED)

MODERN WEAPONS: THE DRONE AND THE SUICIDAL MUJAIDIN II.

(continuation)

The explosive Taliban: from the Jihad to the Garden of the Houris, without scales.

The suicidal mujaidin is a personally advanced weapon (just look for who has nowadays the fearlessness of removing itself from life, defending some ideals and a prize at the Other Side), abundant, nearby and cheap. It possesses the highest «combat specific capacity», (according to the parameters established by colonel Trevor Dupuy, which refer to real values of the different armies, calculated in conflicts and wars): many military men, policemen and civil authorities of the enemy are definitive losses for each own loss. And speaking in terms of the universal good administration principle of the scanty available resources, his actions (as «investments») have also a high ROMI; or (military) return over this marginal investment. The suicidal jihadist optimizes this way his asymmetry with the weapon and the highly available enemies. This soldier of «one use» knows, takes advantage of his opportunity, decides and acts. Because he can be a hallucinated fanatic, but he is not an idiot. For his personal and ideological character, his effective action raises the moral, the conviction and the decision of his companions, collaborators and sympathizers. The islamist suicide «appreciates» this way his enemies. Because they are his infallible key to «going out under canopy from this Valley of Tears «.

The explosive fighter is a common weapon of the Talibans. If the explosive charge, her characteristics and the vector are suitable, the sophisticated enemy sensors and the protective jackets are of little use against he. And the armored vehicles and the buildings also do not serve to be protected from he. The “trigger carrying agent” can be man or woman and adult or child. And can cooperate in his suicide attack, a bushes, a goods stand, a donkey, a bicycle or an engine vehicle. A «suicidal fighter of one use», is not a select marksman: he is not necessary to train militarily (basic, technical and tactical knowledge). His other complementary, fearsome and almost unbeatable weapons are the surprise, the freedom of action and the initiative.

The aims preferred by the «explosives sworn-ins» are the enemy security forces, so much «unbelievers» as «traitors», and the Muslims belonging to the heterodox branch of the Islam (the Shiites and Alauites). To the enemy security forces they bring over disguised as recruits in formation, candidates for the enrollment, supplies personnel (outsourced services), companions, «collaborators» of the ISAF and civil innocent prominent figures. Their target is human always, because the property damages hurt less the regular enemy. And they are located in the policemen or the enemy armies agglomerations, in the barracks, recruitment centers and points of obliged and frequent passing and with motive of stops, farewells, ostentations and exhibitions, of those. To the Shiites they bring over taking advantage of their inevitable concentrations: the annual international peregrinations to his holy places, his stopping places in the different stages or the Fridays midday prayers, specially communities, in their mosques. Though the latter assaults take place rather in the bordering countries, Iraq (Shiite majority) and Pakistan (Sunni majority).

The great problem is that is very difficult to fight (to offset, stop or neutralize) against a few enemies, more or less isolated, determined to die and of another etnia and idiosyncrasy. And with the suicides this sharpens up to making it almost impossible to realize «a priori». Because they are combated with modern, technology and trained forces, prepared generally for wars of third generation. That would theoretically face similar forces or of the second generation. And their commands have almost as an unavoidable premise, preserve from physical (the principal thing), mental and moral hurts the men under their orders. The suicide must go unnoticed in the place chosen for the attack, by its age, genre, aspect and attitude. He has also to conceal perfectly his appliance and his equipment. To be able to approach his target and make exploit that one. His passport for the Garden of the Houris is to take with him the major number of dead and mutilated enemies.

The added human and material hurts to Muslims, caused around the explosion point, are “collateral damages”. The Sunnies jihadists looked for an overcomplicated, but sufficient «solution» in the practice, to ignore the Koranic rule «thou will not kill Muslims». On having lacked a clergy and an only religious doctrine, the interpretations of the Islam and, especially, his applications for the daily life, can be multiple. In effect, to calm the repugnances in producing them, an al-Qaeda «ideologist», Abu Yahya al-Libi, developed a «religious» theory about the «not looked hurt». According to her, is allowed to the militants jihadists to kill Muslims, when is inevitable. And, even, when it is useful. And the mujaidins express their desire that the collateral dead men, should also be considered by Allah as martyrs of his «holy war». And to believe this, comes very well to the fanatics who direct the groups and to the insanities fanatics that follow or support them.

The motivations of these “explosive sworn-ins” are simple. An effective material motivation is their chronic loss of the basic natural needs: sustenance, family, safety, refuge and cover, expectations and reasonable progress. It is an effective spur to induce the employment of the liberating violence by a part of the society, specially the idealistic young men. The «positive» motivation would be the economic prizes that Talibans give to the families of the martyrs. And these are so much the fallen in combat as the suicides. The religious motivation is the powerful mean of persuasion and conviction. The suicides of the Jihad are methodically and intensely catechized. The Koranic verses related with the Jihad, are known by heart by them. The other suicides «example» surrounds them in their daily life. In the way of photos, manuscripts, testimonial videos and destiny companions. Their preachers clarify their doubts and encourage them to prematurely reach the Paradise. That is destined specially to the martyrs of the Jihad. Everything is like to the initiation functioning of a toxic sect: that destroys the personality of the lowest members. The universal character of the Muslims’ community, facilitates the flow and the insertion of «internationalist voluntaries» suicidal fighters from other countries.

The operational key of the Taliban are their innumerable local chiefs, with their small bands of radical irregulars. They are the persons in charge of intimidating, teaching or catechizing, scaring, attacking and occupying more or less temporarily some of the numerous settlements and hamlets, on both sides of the border. The Taliban movement follows a constant elementary cycle of «teaching, training, supporting and delegating» between the small «sheiks» and his deputies. So that they obtain a certain rotation in the command and in its exercise. These local «maliks» are practically immune to the assault of the «drones» of the ISAF. That explore, attack the irregular enemy and execute his evident, it is supposed, out-standing commands.

The drones cannot follow and attack so many minuscule and evasive targets. From an enemy network that turns out to be profuse, diffuse and confused. They cannot substitute, as is claimed by extrapolation from a few first successes, the ground active and aggressive patrols of exploration or combat. That, together with the military units and the civic and political action groups, are destined to dispute and gain his “bases refuges” to the enemy and, later, the popular majority support. Like the «American saturation bombardments» could not cut the Route Ho Chi Minh, supplying the Vietcong and the regular North Vietnamese forces in the «zone demilitarized» and at the south of this. Going from North Vietnam across Eastern Laos to South Vietnam. And all was because their air attacks, were not accompanying a «ground action» over that Route. That was complementary, systematic and constant, not necessarily exhaustive, of the air action of pure attrition.

And waiting in peace death from sky does not scare, even not worry sufficiently the mentally normal people. This only happened to the imaginary chief of Asterix’s Gallic village. And is something like what Ramon Gómez de la Serna was saying to his acquaintances and less intimate friends in Buenos Aires: «Here I am, waiting for the cancer». The intimidating threat, which could change the conduct of an enemy chief, must be something real (that is tended to magnify), sufficient, felt and immediate or near. Like the sirens installed in the Stukas. In order that his precise diving bombardment terrifies in land all his possible human targets, which were not yet veterans. Or as the explosive mujaidins, whose behavior is for the enemy like a “gas”, without own volume or form and that can reach all the available sites.

LAS ÚLTIMAS DESVENTURAS BRITÁNICAS EN AFGANISTÁN II

(CONTINUACIÓN)

De cómo una defensa pasiva es inoperante y vergonzosa en la guerra contrainsurgencia

El ataque taliban del viernes 14 de setiembre de 2012 contra la Base Bastion.

La base británica ha sido atacada en diversas ocasiones a lo largo sus años de existencia. La ocasión más mediática ha sido la que tratamos. En el ataque resultaron muertos dos marines (del adjunto Campo Leatherneck). Y otras nueve personas –ocho militares y un contratista civil– resultaron heridas. Fueron destruidos 6 aparatos McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II del Cuerpo de Marines y otros dos quedaron muy dañados. En cuanto a las instalaciones logísticas, fueron destruidas tres estaciones de abastecimiento de combustibles y dañados 6 hangares de aviación no reforzados estructuralmente.

La defensa eficaz de los acuartelamientos, reductos y campamentos frente al ataque y el hostigamiento de irregulares rebeldes se basa en tres cualidades operativas: la iniciativa, la movilidad y la acción ofensiva. Ellas, a su vez, están directamente condicionadas por la mentalidad y la disposición combativa de los militares (que dependen fundamentalmente de ellos) y por sus medios disponibles en la zona de operaciones (que dependen de los políticos y los administradores públicos). El centro de gravedad de la defensa activa de las posiciones militares fijas reside en la observación y el control de las vías de aproximación, incluso campo a través. Que en zona rural puede ser un campo semi inundado de arroz o las matas aisladas y sucesivas; en terreno rugoso, una línea de alturas un poco por debajo de la cresta militar; en zona urbana, las calles que hacia a ellas se orientan,ya desde cierta distancia y en una carretera, una simple cuneta. Todo ello adobado y complicado por el clima y la hora del día. Las posiciones de observación y de lucha militares pueden constar desde la pareja de francotiradores hasta una sección reforzada, según las características del terreno y las intenciones y capacidades del enemigo. Aquéllas son al margen de la defensa perimetral y de las patrullas que la recorren, que constituyen parte de la defensa estática.

El enemigo suele explorar, al menos al principio y también en condiciones fluidas de lucha, por observación. Es importante localizar y eliminar estas posiciones de exploración. La observación paciente propia es el modo, teniendo en cuenta que si la exigencia es intensa, cada 30 minutos debe ser sustituido el observador, porque mira, pero ya no ve. Si existen medios adicionales para ello y como complemento, es muy necesario emplear el patrullaje contra los merodeadores nativos armados o no, en forma de exploraciones y ataques con objetivos limitados. La clave operativa ofensiva es el patrullaje enérgico, continuo, impredecible, ávido del combate con los insurgentes o de conseguir información. Que constituya un “enjambre” más profesional, más activo, más letal que los insurgentes. Integrado por unidades raramente mayores de una sección. Cuyas armas sean el sigilo, la discreción, la movilidad, con la noche como colaboradora y refugio. La iniciativa, manifestada en la guerra irregular en multitud de pequeñas grandes acciones, está siempre habitual y consistentemente del lado ganador final. No se puede permitir que el enemigo la tome, la use o la retenga. La iniciativa va unida a la imaginación creativa, enmarcadas e iluminadas por los conocimientos profesionales y la experiencia. Juntas, reforzando a un carácter emprendedor, pueden aquí ser decisivas y eficaces militarmente.

El procedimiento standard para atacar una posición militar es: Bombardean de madrugada con fuego pesado de lanzacohetes fijos y luego se acercan para emplear los morteros. Esto es válido y útil contra posiciones o reductos pequeños o débiles. Cuando tratan de mantener la sorpresa, la iniciativa y la confusión, alargar el tiempo de reacción de los militares y conseguir una superioridad muy local y temporal, prescinden de su magro apoyo de fuego pesado. Por ejemplo, para romper un perímetro defensivo y dirigirse y atacar los hangares y aparcamientos de grandes aeronaves muy evidentes. El asalto lo realizan varias escuadras y/o pelotones independientes que convergen, avanzando y disparando ráfagas de AK y ametralladora RPD o PK y, desde algo más atrás, los lanzagranadas RPG y RL. Sólo disparan sobre blancos comprobados o desde arriba y desde abajo. Una característica típica de los talibanes es que no se empeñan en la defensa de sus posiciones. Una vez conseguido el hostigamiento del enemigo y extendidos el daño, la mutilación y el estupor sobre los militares, aquéllos se retirarán. No son tan tontos como para esperar impávidos el fuego pesado, preciso y arrasador regular. Ni para presumir de bravura, frente a enemigos con armas de alcance y características superiores y capaces de convertir un blanco de superficie en zona de destrucción. Estos gestos de valor se los dejan para los soldados regulares. También están el tiempo y su corolario, la oportunidad. Los talibanes manejan muy bien los tiempos tácticos y operativos. Son maestros de la paciencia, la espera, la repetición de los ensayos, simples y sencillos. Para los ataques importantes llegan a utilizar maquetas a escala del objetivo. Y, para penetrar en una base y atacar las pesadas y evidentes aeronaves de guerra, sólo necesitan representar parte del perímetro, la localización direccional del objetivo y su identificación, así como también las posiciones de rechazo del punto de irrupción.

Ninguna de las leyes de la guerra definidas en las convenciones de Ginebra y de La Haya favorecen la lucha de los talibanes. La condición de beligerantes de derecho la otorga el cumplimiento de las mismas. Para ello las bandas deberían ir uniformadas, exhibiendo las armas, mandadas por un jefe y actuando en nombre de un estado que retuviese la soberanía de, al menos, una parte de su territorio. En los otros casos, se aplican las legislaciones nacionales. Que suelen ser especialmente duras en los casos de sedición armada, calificando de asesinos, terroristas o bandidos sin entrañas, a los insurrectos. Si bien es cierto que, en general, es conveniente suavizar el tratamiento dado a los partisanos, para no exacerbar las posturas y recrecer los desmanes y las pérdidas.

Bastantes horas antes de las 12 de la noche del jueves 13 de setiembre, las fuerzas talibanes comenzaron a acercarse desde varias direcciones a la zona aérea del Complejo. Para mantener una baja huella táctica, siguieron técnicas de arrastre en su avance a la zona de seguridad del área. Y hasta allí llegaron, sin ser detectados, unos 45 a 50 insurgentes que, en tres puntas de avance convergentes atacaron a medianoche, apoyados por sus armas orgánicas de pesadas de pelotón. A no ser detectados hasta el inicio del ataque, les ayudó también la escasa disponibilidad combativa de los hombres y la rutina tediosa e improductiva de las guardias y patrullas, que crean la defensa pasiva de un gran cuartel protector. Unos 15 talibanes de dos de los grupos, lograron vulnerar el perímetro de Camp Bastion y atacar eficazmente la zona aérea. Finalmente el grupo atacante fue eliminado (muertos, heridos y prisioneros).

Fue un ataque «significativo», declaró el Ministerio de Defensa británico, ya que los insurgentes nunca deberían haber llegado tan lejos. Se trató, reconoció la ISAF, de un ataque «bien coordinado». Organizados en tres grupos, los talibanes lograron vulnerar el perímetro de la base. «Estaban bien equipados y entrenados. Vestían uniformes del Ejército de EEUU e iban armados con rifles automáticos, lanzagranadas y chalecos explosivos», continuó la ISAF en su comunicado. Esta misión aseguró que durante el ataque, las tropas internacionales mataron a 14 insurgentes e hirieron a otro, que se encuentra detenido. Los corresponsales británicos en Afganistán aseguraron que Camp Bastion tiene una visibilidad excelente desde todas partes y está sumamente fortificada. El corresponsal de defensa del periódico Daily Telegraph, quien ha estado más de una docena de veces en Camp Bastion, escribió el domingo 14: «A pesar de estar en el centro de la provincia más peligrosa de Afganistán, siempre me sentí completamente seguro, sin duda, de un ataque del Talibán. Y honestamente creía que había más posibilidades de morir atropellado por un vehículo militar que asesinado por insurgentes». Las fuerzas de la coalición, explican los corresponsales, se preguntan cómo el Talibán fue capaz de dar este ataque por sorpresa a un campo fortificado y aislado. Y un portavoz, Adam Wojack, dijo que el ataque del viernes «era una señal para la coalición de que hay que prestar mucha atención al estado de ánimo popular, local e internacional».

El lunes 10 de setiembre Zabihullah Mujahid, un portavoz insurgente, declaró a Reuters que los talibanes estaban intentando usar todos sus recursos para matar al príncipe Henry (también “Harry the Nude”), tercero en la sucesión al trono británico. Tras los hechos, otro portavoz talibán subrayó que atacaron en «venganza» por la película amateur estadounidense que ofende a Mahoma. Y que eligieron atentar contra Camp Bastion, porque el príncipe Harry (“Quique”) se encontraba allí, actuando como copiloto artillero en el Grupo Conjunto Aéreo.