Mes: mayo 2017

THE MANEUVER WARFARE. THE CONCEPT OF THE MODERN AIRLAND BATTLE. (SECOND PART).

AN INTERPRETATION BY FIELDMARSCHAL ERICH VON MANSTEIN.

 

(CONTINUATION)

 

Results of the German counterattack and its trascendence.

Nevertheless, the booty gained was scanty. Von Manstein declared that there were approximately 23,000 dead Soviet soldiers and 9,000 captured Soviet soldiers. The materiel captured were approximately 615 tanks (probably largely recovered), 354 campaign guns, 69 anti-aircraft pieces and more than 600 machine guns and mortars. It was not possible to encircle the enemy and Soviet soldiers took advantage of this by leaving the heavy equipment and retreating. Von Manstein said that, because the extreme cold, his soldiers were bunched into small, tight groups, leaving wide spaces and lines in his rearguard, without effective cover. This partly happened because they were elite troops and because the war was without mercy.

COLONEL JOHN BOYD, AN AMERICAN TEORIST OF ITS MANEUVER THEORY.

At the beginning of March, 48th panzer Corps pressed toward the east of Kharkov and the SS panzer corps of General Halder was entrusted with recovering the long-suffering city for the Germans.

At the middle of the month, the Germans had a defensive resistant front from Tangarov to Belgorod, supported on the Mius and the Donetz. They also possessed in the south of Russia sufficient mobile reserves to push back possible Soviet operational breaks in the zone.

As late as 1944, the Soviets had 26 tanks Corps and 11 mechanized Corps. Part of them joined together to form 6 tanks Armies. Each of which had two tanks corps and a mechanized corps (bigger and more balanced inn infantry and artillery). Some mechanized Corps joined a cavalry Corps, forming a great unit similar in capacity to the tanks Army but with fewer armored vehicles and more mobility in areas of difficult transitability (marshes, mountains, woods). These were used to exploit the break in the swampy areas of the south of the Soviet Union, as that of the Pripet river in the north of Ucrania. Although never coexisted more than two or three in the order of battle of the Soviet Army.

WILLIAM LIND, A CIVIL TEORIST.

The destruction of 6 tanks Corps of the Southwest Front (especially equipped with mobile forces) and dismantled them from their “support masses”, was an especially prominent, profitable and low cost operation for the Germans.

In addition, in its advance toward Kharkov between March 1st and 5th, the SS and 48º panzer Corps smashed from its flank and rearguard the Soviet 3rd tanks Army, led by general Pavel Semjonovic Ribalko. This Army was launched to relieve the forces of 6th infantry Army and had continued advancing toward Kharkov. This city that was by then, attracting all the attention and efforts from both sides.

As poor results and large losses mounted for the mobile Soviet forces, pessimism also grew in Stalin, who asked Sweden to mediate in seeking a solution to the war with Germany.

Nevertheless, the advance on Belgorod, outlining Kursk’s projection inside the territory occupied by Germany, sealed the aim for Germany’s strategic summer Campaign. After all these events had passed, the strategic initiative returned to the Germans at the level of the theatre of operations.

But, beginning on July 5, delayed in relation with the victories of Von Manstein, their action gave the Soviets time to extensively strengthen themselves, to establish “fortified regions” at the front level, and to assemble and organize a powerful counterattack force in the north and south of the projection. The allied landing in Sicily on the 10th of July, aborted the Wehrmacht’s already disastrous Operation Citadel. The Germans would never recover the strategic initiative on the Eastern Front.

GENERAL DONN STARRY, HIGH COMMAND OF THE U.S. ARMY’S TRADOC.

Was it possible to avoid what happened to the Popov group and, thus, to the Soviet’s strategic plans for its 1942 winter campaign and to the Soviet’s strategic initiative, at least in the Southern theatre of the Soviet Union?

It was possible.

We have observed, in parallel and in a very second plane with some key facts, the getting absorbed (to get very much in …), the delight (to be delighted with …) and the fixation (to do without other rational arguments) of Stalin, in relation with the results that he promised himself with the impelled operations by the mobile corps of the Southwest Front of general Vatutin.

General Vatutin, one of the best field chiefs of the Soviet army, died before his time at hands of Ukrainian (anti-Soviet) guerrillas, only participated in this in a minor degree. Still, the delegate of the Stavka in charge of these crucial operations (Zhukov, Vasilevsky?) remembered him the transcendence that for the Supreme Commander and for the Soviet people they had.

A little time ago, Hitler also fixated on Stalingrad. This fixation led him to squander the capacity of his best Great Unit (the 6th infantry Army of general Paulus—yes, without the aristocratic Von) in a street struggle and a force-to-force confrontation. Their enemies were arranged on a static defense. A position that they were better able to defend and maintain than were the Germans, in the gigantic steel and cement fortress that was Stalingrad.Fight in which was not counting the German superb capacity of operational movement, which reduced the effort done to a confrontation between man vs. man and machine against machine. And, thus, causing a terrible attrition to the combat and movement capacities.

We can discuss about the strategic mistakes of high chiefs. As the line of communications (branched out) is so crucial, it is necessary to protect it adequately. But this fact is obscured and blurred by the desires of commanders.

What are the possibilities of defense for the advance sector that contains the communications line?

Independently of the advance deployment of mobile groups and their support mass (which must include the securities elements adapted for marches in enemy areas), «advanced detachments» must be brought forward.

These will be integrated by 15-30 % of the forces that bring them forward and will possess sufficient operational movement and combat capacities. The time it takes for the main group to join them is a function of the transitability of the terrain and of the capacities and intentions of the enemy in the operations zone. Its mission in defensive operations is to be used as “stable hinges” between the deployments of Great units, facilitating and protecting the movement of forces and supplies between them.

If the mass of support is too slow for the mobile group to continue advancing at a reasonable rate, it will end up lengthening dangerously the distance between the units and their support. This situation is very vulnerable to a mobile assault by the enemy from the depth of his zone and the sector of advance would be under threat of being cut, depending on the means and intentions of the enemy. This probability would require that a “mechanized group” be placed between the mass of support and the mobile group to reduce the distance between all three deployments and reducing reaction times to respond to a crisis. This would reasonably stabilize the sector of advance after the mobile group.

The mission of the mechanized group, which has less capacity for operational movement than the mobile group, will be to carried out the “sector mobile defense”. And will last until the forces of the mass of support arrive to relieve it. The anti-aircraft and antitank defense plan, the centralization of reserves and the defense of key points of the area, by means of “delay positions” and together with necessary heavy fire support, will be characteristic of the fight to stabilize the sector.

That is to say, it is necessary to sacrifice speed for safety to consolidate the stability of the sector of advance in enemy territory. A territory that does not need to be all occupied in force. Because would be defended by a mobile defense for a limited period of time. Taking disproportionate risks would be reckless and would put men, materiel and the operation in danger.

But, men (in this case, Hitler and Stalin are two examples) continue to make mistakes when faced with such circumstances…

THE END.

LA GUERRA DE MANIOBRAS. EL CONCEPTO DE LA BATALLA AÉREO TERRESTRE MODERNA. SEGUNDA PARTE.

UNA INTERPRETACIÓN DEL MARISCAL ERICH VON MANSTEIN.

 

(CONTINUACIÓN)

 

Resultados del contraataque alemán y su trascendencia.

El botín fue, sin embargo, escaso. Von Manstein declara unos 23.000 soldados soviéticos muertos y unos 9.000 capturados. En material fue bastante mejor: se capturaron unos 615 tanques (probablemente en gran parte por recuperación), 354 cañones de campaña, 69 piezas antiaéreas y más de 600 ametralladoras y morteros. Recordemos que no se podía conseguir un cerco (por más que von Manstein se disculpe de ello, aludiendo a que, debido al frío, sus soldados se agrupaban en los núcleos de población para pernoctar, dejando amplios espacios y líneas sin cubrir) y que los soldados soviéticos abandonaban el equipo pesado y se retiraban. Esto ocurría en parte porque eran tropas escogidas y, en parte, porque la guerra era sin cuartel.

CORONEL JOHN BOYD, UN TEÓRICO ESTADOUNIDENSE DE LA GUERRA DE MANIOBRAS.

A primeros de marzo el 48 cuerpo panzer presionó al este de Kharkov y el cuerpo panzer de las SS (general Halder) se encargó de recuperar la sufrida ciudad para los alemanes.

Para mediados de mes, los alemanes tenían un frente defensivo resistente desde Tangarov a Belgorod, apoyado en el Mius y el Donetz. Y contaban en el sur de Rusia con reservas móviles suficientes para rechazar posibles rupturas operativas en la zona.

Podemos indicar ahora que en 1.944 los soviéticos tenían 26 cuerpos de tanques y 11 cuerpos mecanizados. Parte de ellos se integraban formando hasta 6 ejércitos de tanques: integrado cada uno por dos cuerpos de tanques y un cuerpo mecanizado (mayor y más equilibrado en infantería y artillería), generalmente. Algunos cuerpos mecanizados eran unidos a un cuerpo de caballería, resultando una gran unidad parecida en capacidad al ejército de tanques, pero con menos blindados y más movilidad en terrenos de difícil transitabilidad (pantanos, montañas). Éstos fueron empleados principalmente para explotar la ruptura en los terrenos pantanosos del sur de la URSS, aunque nunca coexistieron más de dos o tres en el orden de batalla del ejército soviético.

WILLIAM LIND, UN TEÓRICO CIVIL.

Por ello, la destrucción de los 6 cuerpos de tanques del frente del suroeste (especialmente equipado en fuerzas móviles para esta operación), al desarticularlos de sus masas de apoyo, fue una operación especialmente destacable, trascendente, provechosa y muy poco costosa para los alemanes.

Además, en su avance hacia Kharkov, los cuerpos panzer de las SS y 48 aplastaron sobre la marcha al 3er. Ejército de tanques del teniente general Ribalko entre los días 1 y 5 de marzo. Éste había sido insertado buscando aliviar a las fuerzas del 6º ejército de infantería y había continuado avanzando en la profundidad hacia dicha ciudad, que atraía entonces todos los esfuerzos de ambos bandos.

Ante todos estos resultados de las fuerzas móviles soviéticas y sus proporcionalmente gravísimas pérdidas, no son de extrañar el brusco pesimismo y el cambio de actitud de Stalin, buscando temporalmente la mediación de Suecia en la guerra.

Sin embargo, el avance sobre Belgorod, perfilando el saliente de Kursk dentro del territorio ocupado por Alemania, selló el objetivo de la campaña estratégica de verano del ejército alemán. Era el momento en el que los acontecimientos precitados le habían devuelto la iniciativa estratégica a éste, al nivel casi del teatro de operaciones.

Pero el inicio el 5 de Julio de dicha campaña, por retrasada con relación a los triunfos de von Manstein y por evidente, concedió tiempo a los soviéticos a que se fortificaran extensamente, estableciendo regiones fortificadas al nivel de frente, y a reunir y organizar una potente fuerza de contraataque, al norte y al sur de dicho saliente, integrada por varios frentes o grupos de ejércitos. El desembarco aliado en Sicilia el día 10 del mismo mes abortó el ya desastroso resultado de la operación Ciudadela para la Wehrmatch. Nunca recuperarían más los alemanes la iniciativa estratégica en el frente oriental.

GENERAL DONN STARRY, JEFE DEL TRADOC DEL EJÉRCITO ESTADOUNIDENSE.

¿Es posible evitar lo que le ocurrió al grupo Popov y con él a los planes estratégicos soviéticos de la campaña de invierno de 1.942 y a la iniciativa estratégica soviética, al menos en el teatro del sur de la U.R.S.S.?

Es posible.

Hemos observado, en paralelo y en muy segundo plano con los hechos clave, el engolfamiento (meterse mucho en…), el regodeo (deleitarse con…) y la fijación (el prescindir de otros argumentos sensatos) de Stalin, en relación con los resultados que se prometía con las operaciones impulsadas por los cuerpos móviles del frente del suroeste del general Vatutin.

Probablemente el general Vatutin, uno de los mejores jefes de campo del ejército soviético, malogrado a manos de guerrilleros ucranianos libres (antisoviéticos), participaba en mucho menor grado de ese encantamiento. Pero también probablemente el delegado de la Stavka para esas cruciales operaciones (¿Zhukov, Vasilevsky?) se encargaba eficazmente de recordarle la trascendencia que para el Comandante Supremo y para el pueblo soviético tenían aquéllas.

Hitler con poco espacio de tiempo de separación, tuvo también una gran fijación en Stalingrado, que le llevó a dilapidar la capacidad de su mejor Gran Unidad (el 6º ejército) en una lucha callejera de empujes compensados, en una confrontación de fuerza contra fuerza. Con sus enemigos dispuestos a la defensa estática, para lo que estaban mucho mejor dotados que los alemanes, en la gigantesca fortaleza que supone una ciudad. Lucha en la que no contaba para nada la excelente capacidad de movimiento operativo alemana y su virtuosismo en la maniobra operativa dislocante. Lo que reducía el esfuerzo a una terrible atrición de hombre por hombre y máquina por máquina. Donde la búsqueda de la decisión, como un espejismo siniestro, se tragaba toda la capacidad de combate que sucesivamente se iba empeñando.

Si la línea de comunicaciones (ramificada) es tan crucial, es necesario protegerla adecuadamente. Pero esta verdad de perogrullo, la opacan y la difuminan los deseos de los hombres de más mando.

Veamos posibilidades de defensa del sector de avance que contiene dicha línea.

Independientemente de los dispositivos de avance que adopten los grupos móviles y su masa de apoyo (el grueso de las fuerzas), que deben incluir los elementos de seguridad adecuados para las marchas en terreno enemigo, todos deben adelantar “destacamentos avanzados”. La misión general de un destacamento avanzado es vencer pequeñas resistencias tácticas, ocupar por adelantado posiciones clave de cruces, puertos de montaña, desfiladeros, garantizando a todo su “grupo” el pleno empleo de su capacidad de movimiento operativo.

Éstos estarán integrados por un 15-30% de las fuerzas que los destacan y contarán con capacidades de movimiento operativo y de combate suficientes. Su distancia al grupo que lo destaca será función de la transitabilidad del terreno y de las capacidades e intenciones del enemigo en la zona de operaciones.

Su misión específica en la defensa citada es la de servir de “goznes estables” entre los despliegues de las grandes unidades, facilitando y protegiendo los movimientos de fuerzas y los abastecimientos entre ellas.

Si la masa de apoyo es demasiado lenta para seguir razonablemente al paso del “grupo móvil”, se terminará alargando peligrosamente el espacio y la distancia del sector de avance de aquél, donde el destacamento avanzado actúa. Éste sería entonces muy vulnerable a un ataque móvil del enemigo desde la profundidad de su zona operativa y también el sector de avance estaría muy amenazado de un corte más o menos duradero y estable, ocurriendo estas operaciones en función de los medios e intenciones del enemigo.

Esta probabilidad exigiría interponer, además, un “grupo mecanizado” entre dicha masa de apoyo y el grupo móvil, que reduzca la distancia entre los tres despliegues en función de sus distancias operativas o tiempos de reacción y que estabilice razonablemente el sector de avance tras el grupo móvil.

La misión del grupo que llamamos mecanizado, menor en medios con capacidad de movimiento operativo que el grupo móvil, será la defensa móvil de dicho sector de avance y durará hasta que las fuerzas de la “masa de apoyo” le alcancen y se organicen para sustituirle. El plan de defensa antitanque y antiaéreo, la centralización de reservas y la defensa de puntos clave del terreno, mediante posiciones de retardo, junto con el necesario apoyo artillero, serán las características de su lucha por la estabilización del sector de avance.

Es decir, se debe explotar sacrificando velocidad por seguridad suficiente, en forma, si no de consolidación, sí de estabilidad del sector de avance en territorio enemigo, que no necesita ser ocupado en fuerza, como hemos visto. Un riesgo desproporcionado y aceptado, sugerido por los cantos de sirena de la insensatez, llevaría al aventurerismo y a la temeridad, poniendo en peligro hombres y medios de muy alta calificación y toda la operación.

Aunque vemos que los hombres (en este caso Hitler y Stalin son dos ejemplos) tendemos a caer en errores parecidos cuando las circunstancias que vivimos son sensiblemente similares…

FINAL.

REASONS AGAINST A WAR WITH NORTH COREA.

Being afraid of an imperialistic aggression, the authorities of the Party of the Workers of North Korea (or Choson Rodongdang) and of his Armed Forces (or Inmun Gun), can perceive as the only escape from his chronic evils, to undertake a «revolutionary war of national unification«. What possibilities are of this happens? We examine afterwards the parameters of the «North Korean problem» and his “ways of develpoment» of his conflicts.

Introduction.

On June 25, 1950, Kim il Sung’s North Korean troops invaded South Korea, with Stalin’s approval, to realize by the force the reunification of the peninsula of Korea. That was divided in two countries with faced ideological regimes from the end of the World War II. The United States surprised in the first moment, came rapidly to help the South Koreans. The support of the People’s Republic of China, which sent trained forces in his recent civil war, and the military systems and equipments delivered by the USSR to the communists, allowed to reach a stalemate without victors by 1953. In July of this year, a truce was signed in Panmunjong, that not an end of the war. And the 38º north parallel was established as the border between both nations. A blood river of was spilt by all the actors only to keep the prewar situation.

Resultado de imagen de kim il sung KIM IL SUNG, THE FOUNDER OF THE DYNASTY.

To celebrate on Saturday, the 15th of April, the 105 º anniversary of the birth of il Sung, the «Father of the Mother land», Kim Jong-un prepared a great cake. That was luminous, shining, with his 105 «rockets candles» ignited. Jong-un does not want to be unworthy in anything to his dynasty and is playing like thunderer Jupiter, threatening with his atomic weapon and ballistic missiles of the first generation. With them he would have to face unfavorably and without possibilities of victory the modern combined weapon systems of the United States. It might damage very much South Korea. But it would not give him the victory and would affect all the Koreans.

The ideology and his Practice in North Korea.

To foresee the seemingly capricious and erratic behavior of the North Korean elites, it is necessary to know the ideological and psychological parameters of such catechized, closed and organized into a hierarchy society. And these parameters stem from the Marxist Leninist postulates. According to the interpretation and the applications realized during the Stalinist regime in the USSR. Finally, the most mellow communist ideology put in scene by the North Koreans, leads them to the use of expressions and linguistic turns, unusual and inexplicable, according to our forms of expression and formation of the thought.

Resultado de imagen de kim jong un

The North Korean direction aspires to the absolute unit of his strategies, his doctrine, his organization and his plans. In the North Korean terminology, the “Monolithism” represents a social politician structure as the granite, with absolute internal homogeneity and external unity of action. A «Structure» lacking fissures, across which the enemy could penetrate and damage it. There does not exist a significant or radical distinction between the peace and the war in the national North Korean strategy. Both are «phases» of the national politics, with different participations of the Inmun Gun. This is the Korean name in of the Armed Forces of North Korea. This way, the political, economic and military strategies are ways of the total North Korean strategy.

The leaders of North Korea consider, deriving it from the Soviet Stalinist strategy, that the North Korean strategy possesses an orientation and a style of exposition and formation for his plans and decisions. His foundation is the «supposedly sensible and scientific» calculation of the «correlation of forces» between the North Koreans and his enemies. This forces relation or ratio is a deliberate and calculated check of the potential relative capacities between both rivals, for the different conflict situations.

The North Koreans prefer obtaining his aims by pacific means. But the determinism of the dialectical materialism leads them to believe that the wars are inevitable, while the social classes, the existing oppressions between them and the imperialistic countries. Or, since in the last 65 years, they are surrounded with capitalist States, subject to the successive phases of growth and decadence in his economic cycles. The North Korean elites, with his special and distinctive psychology as mental vital substratum and with their ideology and the whole resounding paraphernalia where it expresses, do not wonder if they will have or not an external conflict. But, what kinds of conflict is it more profitable for us to destroy the enemy? And, in addition, who can triumph over whom in every case?

And they consider that, in agreement with the premises and the development of the dialectical materialism, that the successive clashes of the social antagonic oposites (those who are incompatible and/or not complementary). That are arising progressively and successively, as the historical materialism describes, finally will give them the reason. And they will obtain the victory over the stupid and decadent Yankee and Japanese imperialisms. To facilitate the things and as shallow and pale approximation, we can say that the historical materialism is as a Marxist description of the events or general History and that the dialectical one is as a scientific theory of the creation, development and solution of the social conflicts (that are all).

Resultado de imagen de kim jong un

We believe that the nuclear weapon is not more than a North Korean bet for covering all the «fissures», before a hypothetical imperialistic threat (of the hostile foreigners) against his regime.

Exposition and Development of the Situation.

Several are the reasons that dissuade the North Koreans from the preventive or initial use of a military assault.

The first in practice is the nearness of China, his principal support and mentor, that embraces the whole north border of the country. Though China does not be affected directly by the scanty atomic fires that cross the Korean peninsula, the radioactive clouds can reach his territory. And to damage his industrial factories and his external and internal sales, so much if pollutions take place, as if are rumors on them. Also China, as the only ground border, would receive a chaotic and important flow of Korean refugees.

China is today a state controled democracy of manufacturers and merchants. China has a modern dictatorial political system (of an only party); that is controlled and directed by an elite that supposes 10% of his population. China is one of the principal world economies: it has around 4$ trillions (million of millions) in American debt, with what he finances his principal world importer. The Chinese middle class is increasing, prosperous and forceful and is overwhelming affiliated to the Chinese Communist party. Very expressively, these elites of any economic system, also add up 135 million Chinese, around 10% of his population. There are not far ago the times of the cannibalism and of the successive famines and penuries in the lands of the Middle Kingdom. But, already many Chinese have known and enjoyed the innumerable goods that the modern capitalism and the industrial system produce. And, though their distribution between the population classes and the exports is yet very asymmetric and deficient, the Chinese do not want to risk getting lost them.

Resultado de imagen de nivel de vida China ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA.

And let’s remember that, in spite of the proliferation of the atomic and thermonuclear weapon during the 40 years of the cold war, no country of the so called Socialists or Popular democracies used them ever.

A psychological basic reason is that the Leninist Marxists look for the paradise in this Earth. That only will bring them a society without classes and without oppressive State, at the end of the times. After many, many, many generations of the «new man». Mao Ze Dong calculated that «there would be necessary more than ninety». «Long you entrust me it, Sancho». And if they lose this survival opportunity by a devastating war, they get totally bemused. And they are kidding themselves.

To any normal or delirious, even primitive religion, has never guessed to offer the paradise here. There are two cases in which the nuclear weapon can be used without ideological obstacles or preventions. The islamist jihadists offer the Paradise to the martyrs of the Yihad. With which they give the security to his believers in the future and solve their problems in this » tears valley». The Israelites consider themselves to be the people chosen by Jehova. And this has not changed opened and directly by Him. For them, the Christianity is a religious diversion, a blasphemous schism. They have the security of Jehova’s promises to Abraham, to Jacob and to Moses. In this exclusivity of the God’s favors, is based his void proselytizing interest. This way, it is not important for them to face a nuclear holocaust. If the existence of his nation, always threatened by his anxious and not democratic neighbors, meets irreversibly threatened. For example, losing a conventional war against the always surronding Muslims.

Resultado de imagen de Consejo Defensa Corea del Norte THEY FAIL TOO MUCH…

A total war with crossing of nuclear volleys with the enemy, would be hiper asymmetric against the elites of North Korea. That would lose everything what they possess and wish: the life, the exercise of the almost all-embracing power and a top living standard, in quality and variety, to that of their compatriots. Of future life, nothing. Therefore, it would go against the natural existing drives in all the men to tackle it in these lamentable conditions and with these apocalyptic perspectives. This one should be the principal reason to remove the adventurous deviationist, initiating this war, from the leaders of North Korea. So, largely, the Initiative, at his level and perspective, would continue in hands of the Maximum Leader of the Revolution of the United Workers and Peasants. The «Dearest Fatty» and his National Defense Council.

Orography of the conventional ground Conflict.

Korea is a mountainous peninsula. A central mountain chain crosses it from north to south, with its maximum heights overcoming 2000 ms. And forming, specially in the north, numerous and narrow valleys. These are orientated principally from north or northeast to southwest. The plains spread in the west of the peninsula, up to the coasts of the Yellow Sea. North Korea, therefore, does not present many favorable areas for the maneuvers of the mechanized forces. These can be easily canalized by broken areas and with short or half sight domain.

Resultado de imagen de Consejo Defensa Corea del Norte A FORMER NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL…

The natural obstacles can be reinforced by abatis, vertical cuts, numerous and small minefields, etc. They are natural areas for the employment of the antitank rejection, based on the hollow load missiles with varied effective shooting distances, got ready with a defense at charge of light infantry units. In support, a well protected and camouflaged artillery, with the enemy approximation avenues and the important or singular points of the area registered before. The flanks of the defense positions can rest on the compartments of the area that form the heights lines.