Internal social conflicts – Conflictos Modernos

Terrorism, Guerrillas and Violence. 2nd Part.

Books and experience are always neglected.

So, why did Hamas attack the villages, cooperatives and small military posts in central and southern Israel with an unleashed and ferocious venom and hatred in the early hours of Saturday, October 7, 2023 until the next day, when they withdrew or were evicted.

***YAHYA SINWAR, HAMAS’ HIGH POLITICAL COMMAND IN GAZA. HE IS MORE PROBABLY EXILED IN EGYPT.***

Because we don’t learn from books, because we are not born with experience and, what is worse, we have to earn it hard way. And, ultimately, because history repeats itself and you have to be very special to learn from the experience of others. Although, reasoning, we understand it well!!

But, there are those who believe that reasoning is the way or means to make a mistake with Conviction.

No guerrilla is harmless or irrelevant.

It is now worth dedicating a few paragraphs to a guerrilla “liberation conflict”, which could not win its war. But he managed to bring the conflict to a situation of impasse, stalemate, lack of commitment and loss of interest from his metropolis.

Where neither of the two combatants could militarily defeat the other. But, where the guerrillas could endure more time in arms than their metropolis. And time did not wear them down politically or socially. The British government was harassed by its people and by international public opinion to end the war. And, therefore, to give independence to its small colony in the eastern Mediterranean.

In 1925, Great Britain gave “colony” status to the small island of Cyprus, of Greek descent. Whose natives had “the illusion and identity purpose” of uniting socially and politically with Greece, in a political process called “Enosis”.

The Cypriots were good, rough and simple people, mostly peasants and without any military training. In 1955, Cyprus had about 550 thousand inhabitants and the island had only about 9,282 km2 of surface.

Its terrain did not offer special advantages in a guerrilla war. It has two mountainous areas, the Olympau and the Pentadaktilau, which are passable by paved roads everywhere by motor vehicles.

On the other hand, it does not have large and/or dense forests that host guerrilla bases that are welcoming, restorative, protective, and quiet. Where to indoctrinate the people and prepare for the combats and recover from them.

At the beginning of his war to liberate China, in the 1930s, Mao Ze Dong also declared that “a guerrilla focus needed to begin deep within a large country to prosper.” At the beginning of the communist rebellion, at the end of the 1920s, when he and the communists were even, the Kuomintang Chinese Army gave them a hard time and, in addition, Chiang Kai Shek was advised by German soldiers.

Finally, in October 1934, the communists left southern China and moved on a 12,500 km Great or Long March. and 370 days to Yenan, in the distant province of SiangXi, fighting along the way. Where 8,500 guerrillas and families arrived in October 1935, of the 150 thousand who left their crushed bases in southern China.

They were that disaster or annihilation.

Tactical Tables and Strategic Victory of Guerrillas.

From Nicosia, English troops can be transported by motor vehicle to any part of Cyprus within two hours. For the evacuation of the wounded or the transport of a patrol (a team or section), the English already had helicopters.

The limited size of the island allowed the English to thoroughly attack any part of it and at any time of the year.

In the early 1950s, Georgios Grivas, a retired colonel in the Greek Army, carried out a personal reconnaissance of Cyprus, to assess the possibilities of waging a guerrilla war against British domination of his homeland. In 1954, at the age of 56, he moved to the island, where he organized and led the E.O.K.A. ((Cypriot National Struggle Organization), using the code name “Dighemis”. The fighting began on April 1, 1955 and lasted 46 and a half months.

***PHOTO OF GEORGIOS GRIVAS, SIGNED WITH HIS CODE NAME***

The strategy, tactics and methods or techniques of guerrilla warfare were adapted to Cyprus. And that is the reason for the success achieved in that theater of operations.

There were two main offensive actions used by the guerrillas: sabotage of government facilities and means and surprise attacks, limited in their power and carried out by forces trained in maneuver, against the English troops. Both actions were limited at the beginning, due to a lack of trained personnel and a shortage of materials. Soon mines or, rather, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) began to be used quite a bit.

Excellent preparation and complete surprise of the enemy, together with the skillful leadership of the guerrillas, were the necessary characteristics for the success of the actions.

The British troops found themselves faced with irregular guerrilla fighting, without the slightest preparation for it. And they were not up to the task either tactically or organizationally. Thus, they needed a long period of preparation and training before they could attack the guerrillas. Which was equivalent to enduring some failures for a while.

For example, the British thought that the guerrillas were hiding in towns. Actually, they were hiding in the countryside, the mountains, literally “under the stones.”

British exploration did not know how to detect guerrilla hiding places. And, its discovery could mean falling into a trap: receiving fire from an unknown nearby position, suffering an explosion in the position supposedly occupied by guerrillas.

The British Army worked in platoons. It was the minimum tactical unit, because it could maneuver and operate on its own in the Micro terrain. And it was made up (this is just an example of a large one) of a light machine gun with its shooter and one or two loaders/defenders, a light anti-tank rocket launcher and a loader/defender, a leader and a second leader and two teams of two. men each. United and compacted like this, marching and attacking, they only made themselves more vulnerable to the enemy.

To raise and/or attack the guerrillas, teams or pairs of soldiers have to act, which may or may not be commanded by a corporal.

***ARCHBISHOP MAKARIOS III, FI**RST PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF CHIPRE***

The section (platoon, in English) or company is divided into a multitude of “small tactical units”, to extend over an area and cover it, through action on the micro-terrain. This is like a zoom and uses the “action unit” and attack distance as appropriate, depending on the enemy target.

By 1959, British forces had found themselves in a quagmire. It was very difficult for them to locate the guerrillas. And, they were not capable of attacking and defeating them either. But, the guerrillas were there, demanding the Independence of Cyprus and Enosis or incorporation into Greece. And, just their armed presence and their small successes represented a tremendous political and social setback for the British.

The guerrillas were like an odorless, colorless and tasteless gas, which permeated everything and reached everywhere.

And, the central reason: the English were not capable of knowing and preparing an effective counteroffensive against the Cypriot forces.

And, the British press accredited and contrasted all this:

The Observer newspaper wrote that Cyprus‘ civil and military authorities had declared EOKA unbeatable. In turn, Marshal Bernard Montgomery said that the EOKA was strategically unbeatable. And the Daily Herald recognized that a field marshal, three generals and 40,000 British soldiers were not capable of defeating the EOKA.

The British agreed to grant independence to their colony and Grivas left for exile in Greece. This was one of the British conditions for the Agreement of Independence. He returned in 1964 and was appointed Chief of the Armed Forces of Cyprus.

THE END.

Terrorism, Guerrillas and Violence

Terrorists and guerrillas.

Terrorism is a complex Political and Violent operation with a wide Variety of actions. Their violent actions must be deliberate, Continuous or Systematic and seeking to Influence a wide audience (much larger than those directly affected by the violent actions) and generating fear, even insurmountable fear, in the “target or target population.” So that they carry out and take the attitudes and actions that the terrorists seek.

Thus, an isolated action or one without political interest is not terrorism. It will be vandalism, mad hatred, a psychotic break… but it is not, nor will it be, technically or legally, terrorism.

Another thing is what the authorities decide. That they consider the armed irregular enemy little less than the Loose Demon. And they usually deprive him of almost all rights, even personal ones. And they legislate progressively harsher laws against them. Guerrillas or terrorists fighting against a constituted country are easier to outlaw.

The different International Conventions only consider irregulars who are deployed or supported by another national State as “legal belligerents.” And they have to be established in their own territory, even if it is minimal, have a clear and visible command, wear a uniform and some identifying insignia (a “patch”, a distinctive), with their weapons visible and act in accordance with accepted laws from the war.

These conditions were only met by Soviet partisans in the last World War.

And, of course, they are not fulfilled by the jihadists ganged up in Europe, the winnower and blind with anger marksmen and slashers from America, France or Norway, and those so-called, with little accuracy, lone wolves, since this animal is essentially gregarious and, more so for hunt.

These would all be “armed soulless men.” And the soul is the Spirit of Man.

Pursuing them is just another Police activity, not war.

Tito‘s partisans, quite effective and intermittently deployed, did not comply with the conditions. And the national “resistance” of France, Italy, Poland was almost laughable. An enormous risk and immense pain to achieve Isolated damage to their Axis enemies.

A function that is ignored, like so many, is that one of the most important functions of the irregular rebels is to fix numerous enemy forces (for example, German, Italian, Allied) in their “territory of influence.” Which would otherwise be used by the military enemy in other more decisive and important strategic actions of the armed struggle.

Almost everything is unknown here too. One of the most extensive, prolonged and harsh cases of the terrorist struggle was the anti-partisan struggle of the Nazis in the USSR occupied by Germany.

Counterguerrillas.

The Germans had a wide network of forts, which formed a “network support base”, where the nodes were the forts and the ropes marked the rough directions of action for small local combats against the partisans.

There were also “mobile patrols”, strong in at least twenty-odd men, which continually pursued the localized partisan bands. If necessary, several of these were sometimes gathered in a region to carry out a larger attack.

The forces stationed in the forts were around a section (between 8 and 12 men). On nights without activity in their area, a part of the meager garrison was expected to go out to reconnaissance partisans or to integrate with other units to carry out an attack or pursuit proportional to their means.

The strongest units, used on the war fronts, were not normally used in the fight against partisan gangs. Except in cases of attacking or surrounding a large partisan unit with a certain probability of success.

Many times, operations to encircle and annihilate guerrillas turned out to be a fiasco. Due to the lack of secrecy and the abundance of temporary concealment in the siege that was established. And the partisans dispersed, hid or slipped away, crawling in pairs.

Results.

Were the results useful, necessary or dubious for the then called Red Army of Workers and Peasants, the activity of the partisans of the USSR?

The realities that the main and vital activity of the “line of logistical communications” from the Reich with its rear in the USSR was able to maintain throughout the war, the military, logistical and social activity (the comings and goings of the soldiers, sometimes due to illness or leave, and the units) of the Germans in their war effort. Supplies, weapons and troops passed through it for the advance and occupation of the USSR to the west of an imaginary line that ran from Leningrad to Stalingrad, passing through the west of Moscow.

If the Germans retreated relentlessly to the west, after losing the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943, it was due to the very costly push of the Soviet Fronts or Army Groups, led by the STAVKA or General Staff. And “advised/commanded” by Georgi Zhukov or Alexander Vassilevski, as “Stavka Delegates to the Fronts” for the different major Soviet military operations.

Philosophy and mental basis.

Anyone who has come this far, may think of the horror of the fighting between partisans and German security forces on the Eastern Front. Because of the “rise to the maximum” in the harshness of military actions. And that the difference in races, religion or its absence, and divergent interests also spurred the belligerents.

Well, it depends on the temperament and character that each one had. And, in this case, common sense and a complementary nature led the Germans to begin to soften the “conditions of confrontation” at the individual level. It was about not getting hurt both. I mean, everyone.

The Germans learned from bitter experience that the firm and stubborn resistance of the partisans was due to their fear of suffering in captivity. And that this could easily be weakened by more humane treatment of the prisoner partisans.

Thus, the (German) Manual for the War against Gangs of 1944 included all these principles and ideas to be applied by the German security forces.

And, the partisans also began to behave like more civilized and less heartless combatants. This procedure or technique of respecting the integrity and rights of prisoners became an appreciated principle in the future guerrilla campaigns.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

IDEOLOGY AND POWER IN CHINA.

The Historical Materialism in modern China

In the 18th century, the Jesuits misionary arrived to China (singularly, Mateo Ricci), that looked deeply into his civilization and manners of life, informed Rome in his letters, in the style used by San Francisco Javier on India, the Japan and other lands, of the existence in the Kingdom of the Middle of a political regime based on the absolute government of an emperor, using an organized into a hierarchy, extensive and educated bureaucracy. But this scheme, which was turning out to be idealized and simple, benevolent and Confucian, was not fulfilled in the reality. The Chinese emperors and still his dynasties were demolished; the internal war was intermittent and recurrent in his history; the necessary and powerful bureaucracy was elitist and closed and was falling intermittently down in the vice of the corruption, the conceitedness and the auto satisfaction for his works and services.

SHI HUANG TI, FIRST EMPEROR OF CHINA

And it is more, the root and the substance of this Chinese style of governance, of being and use of power remains nowadays. Upon the Chinese revolution in the 30s and 40s; of the World War II and the short civil war (1946-1949), after the Japanese occupation of great part of his oriental territory; of the economical and social «great leap forward» at first of the 50, using the micro steel mills and little factories production, at charge of innumerable groups of not due qualified neighbors, trying an «industrial communal revolution» and of the Mao Ze Dong‘s «cultural revolution». This last was an ideological radical reconduction of the revolutionary process, planned and praised in the Trotsky‘s «permanent revolution”, who paradoxically was, at the eyes of the Chinese communists, a «damned revisionist». All above mentioned constitutes a stage, an attempt, another historical episode, that, for more revolutionaries and radical that were, would end up by being swallowed, absorbed and incorporated in the Chinese civilization and idiosyncrasy, on having been accessories and temporaries in the development of the long History of the Kingdom of the Middle.

As the emperor only was accepting the loyal submission of his subjects, the communist leaders do not admit the most minimal critique from own or foreign. They have the monopoly and the «scientific» certainty of the materialistic and dialectical interpretation of the social facts of the history. Though they constantly correct his «course» in long tacks going to the advance. And the nomenclature, the aparatichik, the bureaucracy of the Chinese C. P. and the State are exclusivists and distant to the negotiations and to the different, deviant or divergent opinions, in what refer to his orientation, his collective and personal power and the objections to his taken decisions. It is in this closed area of the modern «mandarinate» where also are solved the power quotas and the interests of chiefs, commands and regions.

MAO ZEDONG, FATHER OF THE POPULAR REPUBLIC OF CHINA

This way, when a difference exists between the people and them, they do not think and talk, but directly suppress the discrepancies that appear. In 1.989, the «liberal» Deng Xian Ping sent the Army to squash and disperse the civil student protest in the Tiananmen square, Pekin. And Zhao Zuyang, was ceased as first secretary of the Chinese C. P. , for simply raising in the first moment the negotiation with the students. These «incidents» arise constantly through the whole China and are several thousands in a year. But, about them scarcely one speaks, because they are not known. The regime and his oppressor device take charge making them invisible, so, non-existent. This is connected with the political classic Chinese past. So, when a difficulty, a claim exists, one was coming and one comes today to the high authority. And the current Constitution recognizes this right of popular and social request. But, nowadays the petitioners are easily struck and imprisoned. These «incidents» are usually happening with the local and regional authorities of the towns and companies. Which operate in the same form that the central leaders and the high jobs of the Party, that are theirs counselors, teachers and examples.

This style of governance would be useful and commendable when the social internal and external flows of a society were stopped by the geographical partitioned of the groups, the absence of persons’ movements by the lack of roads and the shortage of means and reasons for them; and the penury of the public information, generally only known verbally. But in the modern times, this governance does that the vivacity and the audacity, the creativity and the naturalness, get lost in the management of the public thing. And that the administrators hide down the papers and the procedures, acting according to a “bureaucracy of zero faults”. But, the mistakes and deficiencies veiled take the generation of others more, because this is «the use and the way» chosen. Because, the mistakes can always be used by some superior or enemy, generally with something of opportunism and convenience by a «group of collaborators or companions«, to scold, punish, accuse or cease. So is created something like a philharmonic «orchestra» lacking in unity, which can work with din, but without interpreting the melodies.

DENG XIAOPING, GENERAL ARCHITECT OF MODERN CHINA

And it falls in the enthronement of the chiefs, which leads to the exoneration of all their failures, to the tolerance of all their faults and to the exaltation of all their thoughts, decisions and acts. In the absence of real contact with the reality, they look for the accumulation of safeguards, distances and privileges in their positions and functions, looking for the need to feel secures, without understanding that the reality is always more benign and hospitable than what is afraid of. One incurs in one of the politician social devils that the president Mao indicated already long ago and that, extracted from his original writings, is summarized as appointments in the “Red Book”, a real Marxist Leninist catechism of the Cultural Chinese Revolution (1.966-1.976): «the bureaucratic chained tasks supplant the attention and dedication to the people and to his needs and opinions, necessary to realize the real revolution, being based on an exchange of thoughts between the people and the Party». Since it is the ideological feedback from the people to the authorities, which keeps these in the historical materialist correct course.

The political action in China.

The own structure and composition of the Chinese C. P. reveal his elitist and exclusive characteristics. Administratively it is an emulator of the illustrated and despot «madarinate» of the imperial times. Scarcely, his members are 92 million of Chinese in 2020. But his ubiquity, penetration and range extend it as a «social fluid» for all the corners, sectors and turns of the Chinese led society. This «total presence» includes the principal and more active leaders of the country, in all the areas and stratum of the social action. All that contrasts and differs qualitatively from the general attitude of the rest of the world C. P., in relation with their compromised militancy: their doors are opened for all the sympathizers in all the countries where they do not govern. That are the immense majority of them, exempting a handful of old and already expired exceptions, relics of an overcome social and political past. In these countries they seek to reach a «critical mass» of public presence and activity, which is variable according to the societies, but that is between 10-15% of the populations. And that turns out to be necessary in order that the actions of these «militant lay orders» get reputation and transcendence in his society. Where it would act as his«social revolutionary yeast”, towards thoughts and radical attitudes. And even, at the end of the process, taking the weapon to finish off and suppress the emptied and unstable governments, when their institutional weakness is clear.

For his part, president Xi Jinping already excluded any political drift of the communist regime towards the modern freedoms: «The democracy is not Chinese«. That is to say, the Chinese democracy does not exist as such political system. Nevertheless, the economic capitalist freedoms were granted by the Party: «Let’s keep the ideology, the political orientation and the structure of the State (and, certainly, of the Party). And let’s perfect the way of production and the distribution of the obtained goods and services, cheapening all the possible the costs of the productive factors, seeking to improve the economic productivity and efficiency, the volume of production and the wealth and his extension«.

PRESIDENT XI JINPING, CREATOR OF THE GLOBAL CHINA.

On having embraced the capitalism specialized ways and forms in the creation of goods and without applying the necessary central regulation, this has brought erroneous or perverse drifts in the assignments of the means and the distribution of the produced goods. Probably to stimulate these capitalist activities and to simultaneously control them, is more an «object» of high social philosophy. And suppose asking too much to a national leaders not enough expert, neither experienced in the themes. This way, have created a high and a middle economic classes, that form a new social active and powerful base of the Party. One prospers with the Party and never without the Party. Because his members trust between them and the belonging to him gives a stamp of guarantee and loyalty to the great lines or parameters designed and planned from the leader dome. That belong so much to the thoughts and the general actions, as to the most prosaic areas of the economic capitalist activity and the direction and management of sectors and companies. They want to be rich communists and to enjoy goods of immediate and lasting consumption in property and exclusives. It is a way that serves, always there is one, to distinguish and to be outlined over the others, specially from the acquaintances, neighbors and relatives.

But the enormous prices inflation of the real-estate assets, created by an excessive and /or speculative demand, with a limited offer of the wished and/or preferential locations and the available surface, has to lead to the depreciation of these «deposits of value and saving«. Fitting them to their more moderate rea value. But, numerous Chinese have prospered very much on having invested his savings in the urban construction. In addition, it is possible that this is not the only upward diversion of prices that is under way in other «deposits of value», for example, the stock exchange. And it is possible that the immense majority of the Chinese tolerate the political halter, relieved by the consumer consolations. But they will enormously sting the loss of great part of his savings and of his expectations of progress and wealth. Machiavelli was saying that the men were tolerating better the violent loss of his father than that of his goods (ruin, confiscation). Curiously, a theoretically communist regime and that was considering the USSR of the 60s and 70s as «deviationist» of the Marxism Leninism and of the revolutionary pure tradition, will fall down, for edging them, in the cyclical inevitable diversions of the most stale capitalism. Those that the great Europe already bridled since 80 years ago, gradually creating and perfecting a corps of economic doctrine of social liberal nature, with whom she was eluding, relieving and overcoming them with efficiency and rapidity.

THE CREATORS OF THE THEORY OF THE DIALECTIC MATERIALISM

But, on having radically and sharply modified the relations between the production agents (work, capital, management and cadres and administration), there also have to be modified the social previous relations between them. In effect, the knowledge and the application of the modern technologies of all kinds in the manufactures of multitude of goods, lead to the qualitative increase of the training and the formation of the producers. Which will claim, more soon that late, the recognition from the Chinese State of diverse civil rights, still not contemplated or in embryo. The concentration in his hands and in the commands of the factories of increasing quantities of assets (savings, participations, goods of lasting consumption, essential knowledge) will lead them to demand from it new ways and forms of participation in the public Chinese life. Acting this way, as would say Mao, «A need demanded by the people to the Party and the leaders».

All that will create contradictions between the new social caps or «subclasses» so formed, breaking and removing this way the idealized monolithic unit of the people and the Party in the State. Contradictions that not necessarily have to get antagonistic, to resolving by the violent action between the rivals. But that will demand his dialectical «resolution» and, therefore, they will lead to the appearance of a new social stable balance. Where the most retrograde, ultraconservatives, parasitic or bureaucratic «sectors» will have to let passing to: a sensitive, flexible and effective administration in wide sense; to a different control over the managements and the leaders of the companies and services; to a sectoral and individual management progressively different from the old ones; to a system of access to these mentioned positions, based on the capacity, the efficiency measured from time to time and the merits; and to a major and freer participation of the producers of all kinds in the social areas to developing: education, playtime, trips, consumption, social protection, health and access to the public life. And this is really the historical materialism in action…

Reflections about Spain and Catalonia. 2nd Part.

(continuation)

The social Situations of tensions and clash.

There is a deep social fracture in Catalonia, where both «conflicting groups» form both antagonistic halves of his society. By the force, it is not possible to impose any of the two ideological parts over other, because the positions are anchored and held. This way, a violent clash only would lead, by the friction and the wear generated, that the falls of both groups were almost similar. It is not possible here to obtain the Roman «caedes«, in which the «defeated» was passed to the «edge of the sword», whereas the «victor» only suffered light falls.

THE DRIVING FAMILY OF A SPURIOUS CATALAN NATIONALISM, DEFENDER OF A PLUTOCRAT HIGH CLASS AND FAR FROM THE REAL HISTORY OF SPAIN AND CATALONIA.

And it is not a question of distinguishing between «goods» and «bads» either. Because the interests and the ideas that sustain them, are divided simply in «favorable» and «unfavorable» for both social politics causes.

The interests, the attitudes and the divergent ideas, when not opposed, feed and support those positions. And a first embarrassing great mistake of the authorities is to have allowed that this situation generated and degenerated. Largely, yielding social essential functions of the State (as the public education) or giving large budgetary money, to obtain the votes of the separatists, who initially were autonomists and moderated, supporting the governments of Spain, of the PSOE and of the PP.

The civil clashes in Catalonia, arisen between groups of activists of both politician social signs, are varied and of different seriousness: placement and retreat of the yellow bows or announcers cartels of events; occupation by «pushing groups» of the CDR, ARRAN or others, of the places where there were going to be celebrated acts of other groups or conferences of not related persons; irritating frets between groups of demonstrators of opposite sign. In the actual situation of irritated clash it is only a question of time and of the repetition of these acts, for the violence installs in them. This social degeneracy is a consequence of the inefficiency of the State Central Power and the abandon of his governing functions. Leaving in hands of the judges, the defense at the wrong time of an autonomous and penal legality infringed by the opportunists secessionists.

When, in the middle of 1996, Umberto Bossi, leader and senator of the North League, a radical right party created around the mantra «Rome steals us«, announced for 15 of September the secession of the Padania of Italy, a social politics aberration opened in the valley of the Po, he received the following notice from the president Oscar Luiggi Scalfaro: «Mr. Bossi, if you continues this way, you will collide abreast with the Italian Army».

The North League stopped his delirious aspirations. And his vital path passed until not much, emerging or submerging in the Italian political panorama and with meanders. It was not necessary to take exceptional measures then, nor hard, against the North League or his driver controls.

Because, when the institutions and his protagonists are respected, this, «per se», takes care and defends the Lord’s vineyard. And, vice versa, when they are disrespectful to you, already you can threaten, dribble, feint, get furious or cry. That will serve you for nothing. Because, the attributes of your authority and the causes and reasons of the national sovereignty, which you say to defend, already you have lost them. And, the offenders already have despised, put away and replaced them with others. That turn out to be nearer and suitable for them.

The necessary National Reconstruction.

After the outlawing of the secession, inside the juridical frame existing in Spain, there are different tasks to realizing by the whole State apparatus.

To neutralize the street activists, anonymous or not, placed in the diffuse limit of the violence. In order that they do not harass, disturb the social and streets order and do not prevent the political activities of other formations. It is a labor of immediate public order.

To eradicate of the Catalan society the thoughts and the tendentious and distorted anti Spanish beliefs. Or that which promote and encourage the social division and the hatred and the elimination of the political rivals. It is a multidisciplinary and complex task, with educational, psychological and social components to realizing in the middle and Iong terms.

To change the political solvent conducts. Stopping and substituting the autonomous authorities that break the laws of a Constitutional state, internationally recognized. It is a task of institutional and legal regeneration of the autonomous and local institutions in the medium-term. And that demands the approval, decision and support of a majority of political parties and citizens

If this is not do, the recalcitrant separatists will hide and come again to other autonomics elections. And we can have a qualitatively equal Parlament and Govern like the annuled by the judges.

What is at stake is the break of one of the Europe’s oldest nations. That arose and is kept when his social territorial components verify and accept the bet of jointly living all, to overcome the weaknesses and limitations of their isolated territories. Spanish nation of which the Catalans form a part from his beginning and establishment. And the secessionists do not offer the Catalan people for this break, a clear and favorable offer of rights, freedoms and progress for him. A prooof of the small bourgeois adventurerism of the separatist views and theses is the withdrawal of his exclusive ideas of the practical totality of the institutions and European nations.

The secessionist controls handle the demagogic arguments, the half truths and the slanted historical interpretations as no one else, to attract and keep his potential electorate. Because, the truth is relative and is one more way for them, in altars of their “so called freedom” of the Catalan people. And they feed his separatist zeals with many-colored hatreds towards the Nation where the Hispanic peoples became great. It is the paradoxical and insane rancor, on the other hand very recurrent, against that one that has helped you very much and with which you have shared your life.

His political argument is based on the exploitation of the human passions, which are insatiable, by epistemologic definition. The greed of having more than the other, without considering the benefits intercommunication in the modern democratic societies. The egoism of the abandon of the national solidarity, without admitting that in all the nations are zones more backward and depressed that others. The lie of the manipulation and distortion of the lived common history; as instrument of justification of his imperious and solvent actions. The envy, as expression of the own mental lacks; represented and satisfied at the moment, in the Utopian independent Catalan nation, full of advantages and blessed by the goddess Fortune. Spilling to Catalonia her inexhaustible horn of pleasure, money and personal and social kindness. The conceit of the separatist controls, which satisfies when they think about the admiration that they assume are waking up in the others.

The social virtues, taught and learned largely by the observed and received example, are the only and real brakes against the temptations that arise from the loose passions in the soul of the men.

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN AFTER THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA…?

Introduction.

After the annihilation of the guerrilla supporting bases of the Islamic State (the dispersion and the loss of the will of defense, not the physical disappearance) in Iraq, and soon in Syria, the political social panorama that the Southwest of Asia presents is distressing, curled and gloomy.

The possible «allies» of the global or regional powers, who exist in the geopolitical pandemonium of the Southwest of Asia are complicated and tangled internally and are very needed from «helps» for his recovery and for his maintenance during a lot time. They are empty, burdensome, parasitic and without substance «allies».

AGUSTÍN DE FOXA.

Here we might paraphrase the Spanish ambassador Agustín de Foxá, count of Foxá, when, in certain occasion, during the World War II, he was present at an invitation in Rome. During it, the count Ciano, son-in-law of the Duce and Italian Secretary of State, with the evil intention of treading and to laugh of the Spanish, asked him: «Certainly, Foxá, when does Spain think to join, finally, the international fight against the Bolshevism, that are sustaining the powers of the Axis?» Don Agustín answered him: «Count Ciano, do you believe that the Reich can permit to have (to support) another ally?…» The following day, Foxá was indicated that he should leave Italy.

These possible unsuccessful «allies» allow to establish «military permanent bases» to a regional powers with ambitions of expansion (Iran, Russia). But, that do not serve them as “forward military bases” to spread out for any other country around. Also, they can be established in them «temporal bases» for the heavy fire support in their operations with his allies and for civilizing or training (United States). But that either do not have any operational transcedence out of their porous borders.

There is no here, in these teared countries, force, vigor and solidity as nations.

The national actors.

The irreconcilable contradictions, which were defining the relations of power and beliefs between the ethnias and the countries of the Southwest of Asia, before the last appearance of the salafists jihadists in the 90s, are not solved. And the resort to the armed total violence to annihilate the Islamic State, has inflamed some antagonistic differences. And it has encouraged the separatist zeals of some actors of this tragedy without equal: sunnis and Kurds Syrian and Iraqi. Arguing the social politic discrimination that suffer in both States, the war merits and the rights to have a national State, based on the sovereignty over a sufficient and defensible territory. Though that total violence has been applied in the coordinated actions of the national coalitions, more or less voluntary and integrated.

The regime alauí of al-Assad has broken his political and social bonds with his people. And has lost the legitimacy that the Moslem countries grant, as temporaral part of the Umma, to their despots and more or less absolute leaders. That arises from a balance of care, protection and well-being of the people by the part of the leaders, with the respect and the necessary support (effort, taxes, levies) that their subjects offer to them. Because he has crushed and destroyed his people with the indiscriminate heavy fire used in the combats in urban areas. That were crammed with innumerable civilians, terrified, reduced to the misery and ,often, without exit of the sieges of the populations. And that both the National Army of Syria and his foreign allies used systematicly as war weapon. To save own casualties and for the lack of own trained forces in the assault of populations: the real, alternative or fictitious rebels positions and the urban habitat that was covering them, were pulverized at the distant and medium combat ranges. The affected civilians and their properties were «collateral dameges», that were accepted without great sorrow, especially by the allied foreign forces.

The unsteady and elusive politics of the USA in the Southwest of Asia and concretely in Syria, created a «emptiness of power» real, in the way of support. That president Putin proposed to occupy. This time, the Russian autocrat waited, to assure him that the USA was not there, not even were waited. With his military intervention in Syria, Russia was seeking to justify a mediating and relevant role in the damned chessboard of the regional powers of the Southwest of Asia. Also that intervention was going to assure him an increased sponsorship over Syria, with the elevation to «permanent» his naval (in Tartus, Latakia, in the Oriental Mediterranean) and ground bases in the country. And neither the life, nor the possessions, nor the personal and familiar sufferings of the Syrians were mattering for him. If they were converting into an obstacle to his political military strategy in defense of al-Assad.

DOES HE LOVE HIM MORE THAN THE SYRIAN PEOPLE?

The Turks are trying to increase his protagonism and influence in this geopolitical area. Seeking to turn into a great regional power. To it take them the successive inconvenients raised by the European Union during many years to his by right incorporation in Europe. And, the government of Erdogan pushes them definitively. That plays his long-term advantages, by successive approximations, in short stakes, trying to turn the Ataturk’s republic to a radical Islam one. Without the military men, constitutional guarantors of her, get cross him and knock down him.

His renewed strategic preferences lead them to look for a long time to the East. Turkey, with almost 80 million inhabitants, can try to do a sunni moderating role towards the Republic of Iran. The great operational problem for Turkey is that it was the dominant power of the zone, until less than one century. The Ottoman Empire lasted from the 15th century to the beginning of the XXth. And the Turks are not ethnically Arabic and his culture is different.

HE GAVE DESTINATION AND PRIDE TO HIS PEOPLE, DEFEATED IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR. WHERE THE MISTAKES OF THE SULTANATE (CALIPHATE) TOOK HIM .

The Turkish Secretary of State, Ahmet Davutglu, declared categorically that «to intervene in the north of Syria is a natural right of Turkey». And Erdogan stressed that «those who attack Turkey, will feel his breath in their nape». The Turks will not allow that terrorist groups as al-Qaeda or the PKK (recognized as terrorist by the UNO) establish there. But, Turkey knows that the Kurdistan is long in Kms. And that his Kurdish rebels operate from the Iraqi Kurdistan, with safe bases in the Candil mounts. Where they have coverage in his south slopes and supplies from their Kurds inhabitants.

The Separated Conflicting Brothers.

Sigue planteado, si no se ha exacerbado más, el conflicto dentro del Islam entre chiíes y sunníes. Conflicto que es, en sí mismo, una aberración ideológica, una contradicción antagónica, desgarradora y esencial. Si ha habido una Revelación de Allah, destinada a todos los hombres, ésta debe ser clara y sencilla. Para que los hombres comunes y normales la entiendan y la acepten. Y esto fue más necesario tras la Hégira, en los inicios “iletrados, nómadas y pobres del siglo VII”. Porque Allah ama mucho al hombre común, ya que lo ha creado y crea en tan gran número.

The Koran, religious common source of the shiites and sunnis, is not highly revealing about the “internal armed disputes” within the believers’ universal community or Umma. In the epoch of the Prophet this problem was not contemplated. And if those had existed, on having joined with the external harassment that the Muslims were suffering, probably they were leading together to the dispersion and the disappearance of the faithful group. In the Sura (chapter) 49, aleya (verse) 9 is ordered: «When two believers’ nations are in war, try to reconcile them… The believers are your brothers (it is the maximum relation of consanguinity). Solve, so, the differences of your brothers and be afraid of God, so that He has piety of you.» And in 4, 33: «Oh, believers… do not kill between yourself … (or, do not kill yourself)». The beginning of the verse is directed against the greed and the illicit appropriation. And the Legislator could have extended it to the murder (death of the innocent) and its variants (as example, the suicide).

A fundamental problem for a sincere and stable approximation of the «sisters conflicting communities» constitute the concepts of the legitimate origin of the command, of the control and development of the «dogma and morality». And of the immense economic politician religious structures, alive and with their own interests, created by both expressions of the Islam, almost from his beginning.

Another serious origin of offenses and irreconcilable distancing, especially at national level, are the forms of violent fights between both beliefs. When they attack between themselves, they try to damage the utmost, coming up to the intimacy of the kinship. And this way the targets are looked in the mosques, markets, peregrinations, concentrations and in the frequent or in mass movements of the peoples. Places where there usually are members of the same family. It is the uncontrolled violence and taken to her unnecessary, immodest, insanity and paradoxical (do not they practice the same religion?) social limits. Between the clans and tribes, only ethnically speaking, this wave of murders, outrages and hurts in the goods, always generates an “intergenerational chain” of “unavoidable vindications” for the assaults, the reprisals and the «blood offenses» suffered. This essential and indestructible Gordian knot, for what it seems, only can be cut by the sword of the generosity, the altruism (looking not what we «lack», but looking forward in communion and construction) and the pardon, which should be more attainable between a confession brothers.

ALI KHAMENEI CALLED HIM: «LIVING MARTYR» OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION.

At the eastern end of the Southwest of Asia is the shiite theocracy of the ayatollahs. These, when want important and rapid results against his neighbors, use commands or units of the Republican Guard. That can train, equip and support his allies of Syria and Iraq. And that are capable of fighting at the near and of assault ranges, as a specially trained light infantry. The Republican Guard is overlapped in the regime, forming the unconditional and effective military wing of the Islamic Republic of Iran, acting like the modern «Immortal of the Shas of Persia». The shiite regime is taken root in a complex of councils, boards and assemblies, designed, created and organized to assure, keep and perpetuate his oligarch social religious functioning. But the regime is unable to develop modern and economically a country with the resources and the demographic exuberance of the Iranians. Iran is better galvanized, as almost all the absolute dictatorships, opposite to the exterior problems. That for the daily, patient and effective work of the political, social and economic development of a country. That demands an environment of peace and serenity that the social tensions alienate.

Iran is a Great Shiite Island placed in an enormous Sunni Ocean. That embraces her, from the west to the east, through all her south, from Turkey to Pakistan, passing for Afghanistan, Arabia, Jordan, Palestine. Her «islands and adjacent capes» are The Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Bahrain; having more strength in Iraq and The Lebanon. The results of the so called «Arabic spring» have not been favorable to the shiites, which are kept immersed in the sunni «hostile ocean«. The «big seas» tributaries of that Ocean are Egypt and Saudi Arabia, as principal protagonists and representatives of the sunnis. The former offers his strength and his demography and the later uses his economic exuberant capacity, to support and to extend the reason of the sunnis throughout.

And the loss of the regime of the al-Assad in Syria not only will reduce to Iran a convenience ally, that not of religion. Since the Syrian alauis are really, «the heresy inside the heresy (shiite)», according to the sunnis. But it will obstruct very much all the logistics of the immense and strategic support to Hizbullah and to Hamas, in the Gaza strip. That is the form of expression of Iran of a «belligerency by third parties interposed», opposite to the West and his allies in the geostrategic zone. This is confirmed by the recent indefinite operational entry in the Syrian civil war of Hizbullah’s regular militias and Afghan fatimies voluntaries in favor of the government. Seeking to recover the progressive social wear of Assad’s regime, with military victories.

Epilogue.

The swords will continue in high place. The Islamic State is a contagious and serious infection, which concerned an intricate and up to explosive situation, of a geopolitical region with too much interests and problems for resolving. The difficult and slightly grateful Asia of the Southwest. As we have described previously.

Egypt will be a sunni powerfully competitor of Turkey and of his pretensions. And Saudi Arabia and the countries of the great Arabic plateau will support it. Iran will have kept the countries with shii influence, that already existed. And by the horizon appears Trump and his direction changes. That are more fearsome for unpredictable that for rapid. Putin will remain boxed in the region, in a ruined and socially defeated country. He has embraced lately to Turkey; already it will not serve him for nothing.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIST TERRORISTS. 1st. PART.

Introduction and Thematic Index.

The civilization and his vital and social structures, in his interactions with the individuals and their psychology.

The failure of the jihadists in joining a «group with shared beliefs and virtues (the permanent values)». That give to their lives identity, sense and belonging.

Why do they behave this way? How to treat the recoverable ones? How to attack the hatefuls or recalcitrant terrorists?

Historical Antecedents.

These «fine ones» rescue and update a sinister personage that suffered many decades ago the adventurers, settlers and European authorities in the countries of the Islam. It was when «the flow and the reflux» of the currents of the History between the European and the Islamic civilizations, frontiers from the 8th century, was favorable to West. And different countries of the West, France, Great Britain, Russia and even the USA (when from 1898, after the war with Spain and ther occupation of the archipelago of the Philippines, they met the «Moors»), gave the geographical jump, sometimes overseas. And penetrated and settled themselves with more or less opportunity and right (apart from «that of the stronger», in force until ends of Modern Age). It was the Age of the Imperialism.

The «sworn-in» generally was a stout and slightly reflexive man. That counted between his mental parameters the Islamic basic beliefs: the 5 «pillars of the Islam», to which was added the Yihad against the unfaithful person or the kfar or apostate. These simple, strong and moldable men were indoctrinated by them by the iman of the village or population and his acolytes and by his companions. That convinced them that were destined by al-Allah to the paradise, «for following Allah’s path». That for them was to do the war to the «unfaithful foreigner» and to the » local apostates», who were collaborating with him in the governance of the country. This man or a small group of them was literally thrown against the designated target: civil or military authorities, a meeting of civilians or military men in a station, in a temple or in the square or the street market, etc.

THE MACHETE OF A MOOR «SWORN-IN»…

The sworn-in, that were taking his vulgar name, from the last rite that they realized before going to «his» combat, were fighters of one use. It was not necessary to instruct them in the tactics and technologies of the infantry combat. It was not hoping that they were returning from their mission. Only they had to dominate the use of the scimitar, cutlass or yagatan, common in their zone. Apart from his convictions as firm as scanty, the sworn-in were drugged to increase his physical resistance and to be able to murder with efficiency. It was common that they received several bullet impacts or blade wounds, before losing the spirits, to slacken and to fall down. Only the bayonet well fixed in full torso, chest, diaphragm or abdomen, and the bullets of great calibre or expansive, type «dum dum», for their «stopping power» and directed to the nervous system, encephalon, backbone, were managing to dispatch the injured sworn-in men for the Garden of the Houris.

PHILIPPINE MOORS…

Also there existed elaborated and institutionalized forms of the killer suicides in Allah’s name. At the end of the 11th century, Hassan-i-Sabbah founded between the Shiite ismaelits and in the North-East of Persia, the sect of the «assassins». These were seeking to secretly kill his enemies. This death with perfidy that they realized gave the name of «assassins» to all those who were practising it in the future. Though the murder is really the death of the innocent one. The «assassins” acted in Persia, Mesopotamia and Syria and Alamut’s mountain was his first center and sure refuge. They did a wide use of the hashish to encourage in his actions. They disappeared in 1256, when the Mongolians invade Persia and they were isolatedly and methodical destroying the different mountainous redoubts where the «assassins» were sheltering. Alamut’s fortress, which was surrendered without resistance by the «assassins», was destroyed up to the foundations, in order that it could not be used again.

Concept and structure of the external motivations (environment and social group) of the conduct. The identity of the individuals.

The Origin and the Sociocultural Meaning of the Civilizations.

The civilization is literally the art of living in great settlements or cívitas. That were originally the first human settlements. Where the man first sited himself and left strolling around as imperious and vital need. And could manage to generate «remaining benefits», in the form of cereals, cattles and all his derivatives. That would serve as reserves and for the trade with his neighbors. And that were offering to him safety, comfort and survival. This allowed him to start socially behaving as person. Establishing firm and extensive tides with his nearby similar ones, the close friends beyond his families, his “vital neighbor”.

The result of all this social activity were the first local, narrow, vulnerable and stammering civilizations. That were including: the development of the rights and the duties of the men, as individuals and with his collectivities; the arithmetic, to measure and contract the productions and his distributions; the language and his writing, to communicate between them and with the nearby settlements, leaving record, at least, of the important considered thing, etc. The civilizers inventions, As the bricks, the irrigated lands, the organic fertilizers, the plough, the writing, etc., arise in these human locations. And they had not been necessary, not possible, without the stable settlements. They arise when the development reaches an «initiation level», necessary in order that they appear and the civilization blooms. Level that supposes and implies a perspective of relative future and progress, the need to conquer the natural obstacles to them, a social internal enough coherence and the temporary absence of external, too powerful, greedy and excluding enemies.

The civilizations possess a bivalent, necessary and complementary character in his social global relations. This double quality is centrifugal, expansive and dominating towards his exterior. Inside his borders, the civilization is centripetal, enterprising and developing. In both cases, it is creative, innovative and civilizer or transmitter of his beliefs and shared values. Because of it, they stand out in both different and opposite, but not antagonistic activities. The balance between both trends, which canalize his better efforts and means, is indispensable for his constant, protected and beneficial development and impulse. The civilizations merely overwhelming and plundering, that expire as all, do not leave permanent and fruitful fingerprints in his passing along the conquered countries.

The civilizations that manage to bring together both vital drives, his diastoles and his efferent and driving systoles, manage to last more in the time. But also they impregnate from his style, his language and his culture the territories successively subdued. With it they transmit his essence to the posterity, much after his decadence, through the peoples civilized with his culture, his laws and his language and his historical paths. There we have the case of Rome, rapacious and imperialist as any other power. That only with the colds and the bad time quartered his legions in the winter barracks. Arranged during the Republic and the Empire to going out to conquest, repress the revolts or assure his borders, in his military annual campaigns, just that the good time allowed it. But that was also capable of transmitting his culture, his laws, came up until today as the Roman law, his vulgar Latin and his administrative system, to all the regions «extra Italy», that little by little were joining his Enpire or “res publica”. This cultural impregnation, which Lorenz would say, was sanctioned, integrated and dedicated with the generous, opportune and prudent concession of his citizenship to many of those cities and regions. The «Ius civitatis» was granted by conquest, depending on the degree of annexation, loyalty and assimilation of the submitted peoples. When they were turning into Roman provinces, the same rights of the metropolis were granting to them. It was the case of Roman Spain. But until they were not reaching this honor and quality, the dominated peoples had to pay his tax of conquest (ius belli) and were lacking many rights. Palestine, for example, never managed to have the condition of province.

Socio ideological Mechanism of the flow and reflux in the becoming of the Civilizations.

In the successive floods and undertows between the western and Moslem civilizations, only once coincided the periods of forceful civilization of both. That happened in approximately 125 years, between the halves of the XVth and XVIth centuries. This double exuberance of conflicting civilizations took form in a long period of invasions, reconquests, harassments and opened clashes in Europe, the north of Africa and the whole Mediterranean.

The observable facts that define the temporary decadence of a fulled civilization are: the vital national energy, which feeds the «national moral» and the healthy «will of defense», vanishes; the arts and the letters become formalist and sterile; the emplacements, colonies or peripheral partners are given up and the exterior politics turns coward, stammering and cautious. This setback of a civilization makes an existential emptiness, which attracts and externally gives impulse to other one. Forming a natural and cosmic swaying, because the Nature renounces and flees from the «emptinesses».

The commercial routes, the habitual contacts between both civilizations are his authentic lines of supplies and exterior communications. And, when these arteries are neglected in the periphery of the zone of influence of a civilization, the civil, religious and military experts of other one come to repair, to occupy and to vitalize her. The absorbent «aspiration» created by the decadence of other one, created by his vital «emptiness», attracts a foreign current of ideas, methods, words, inventions and styles. First appear in the debilitated and permeable foreign zone, the travelers, commercial and secret agents, cultural representations, missionaries, professors and diplomats of the thriving civilization. This way, often the military action is not more than the political confirmation of an existing and manifest superiority, which irresistibly emerges and appears from many fields of the human activity. And the territorial gains are consolidated with the arrival of the civil servants and administrators and the professions of growth and development: architects, engineers, land-surveyors, artists and a swarm of go-getters, unscrupulous opportunists and adventurers. From this human flow, specially the last mentioned, because their immediate future is a blank page, always arise decisive prominent figures for the new implantation.

Then, it might be thought that the stabilized societies and civilizations would be the culmination and desideratum in their development. As this way, they would be sure, beneficial and attractive. But, no. To a civilization, the development penury, the languor in her vital effort is already a decadence sign. If it does not flow, adapts, tackles and advances, it will be stagnating, losing the survival and rotting. As it would happen to a fresh water current, which pass was remaining repressed. This happens in periods measured in many years, which escape to the perception of the ephemeral man.

The Interaction between the Persons and their Society.

The identity of a man is his «natural card» of personal distinction and affirmation. She always refers to a comparison in essence and accidents with «something» similar. The man is, feels and differs, as such and in fullness, in a social «set». To which he belongs and that accepts him as full member and participant. And exist some «bonds», which unite, integrate, nourish and keep working the social healthy, active and resilience «union». And these are the rights and duties of both «personal and collective parts». That must be respected and reciprocal, in balance and parity of use and right, fulfilled and defended by all them.

The experiences as configurators and updating factors of the men.

When a social group places in the territory of other, it inevitably produces a socialcultural interaction between them. Whose results will be a function of his sociocultural characteristics and of the dialectics that appears between both actors. This way, for example, we have the most ancient case of the violent invasions. Imposed by a group on his «host», using a dialectics of confrontation by the weapon.

In the 376 A.D:, the Goths crossed the Eastern “limes” of the Roman Empire and they sheltered in his oriental territories. They were coming pushed by warriors furthermore fierce than them: the riders of the Asian steppes, the nomads of the jurgas and the compound arch, the Huns and also others, some Turkoman peoples from the Central Asia. Only two years later, on August 9, the Goths defeated the legions of the emperor Valente, which wanted to expel them from the Tracia, a territory that was approximately including the Bulgaria of today. In Adrianópolis died around 20 thousand of the 30 thousand Roman infantry men, including Valente. It was the major defeat of Rome, since about 369 years ago. And the Goths definitively settled themselves in these territories.

Only 98 years later, in the 476, the Roman army of Romulus Augustulo was squashed by the Ostrogoths. That established their kingdom in Italy, the south of the Galia and approximately Yugoslavia. This brought the inexorable fall of the Roman empire and the expansion of the Gothic tribes for his western lands, towards Roman Spain, the Galia and Italy.

Already, nowadays, enormous migratory movements take place, specially in Africa, in the Southwest of Asia and towards Europe. That are encouraged and facilitated by the development of the communications of persons and goods and by the revolution in the wireless communication of information. These migrations do not suppose in his determination the collective employment of the violence against the passing or final hosts. This way, both in France and in Great Britain, after the World War II and after the process of decolonization of the peoples, took place massive immigrations of persons proceeding from their former African and Asian colonies, who settled in these countries. And that were looking for a standard of living better than that of their countries, including a first class education for his children, a social safety and peace and an attainable future of improvement and prosperity.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

INVASIONS OF EUROPE.

In the 376 A.D:, the Goths crossed the Eastern “limes” of the Roman Empire and they sheltered in his oriental territories. They were coming pushed by warriors furthermore fierce than they: the riders of the Asian steppes, the nomads of the yurgas and the compound arch, the Huns and also others, some Turkoman peoples from the Central Asia. Only two years later, on August 9, the Goths defeated the legions of the emperor Valente, which wanted to expel them from the Tracia, a territory that was approximately including the Bulgaria of today. In Adrianopolis died around 20 thousand of the 30 thousand Roman infantry men, including Valente. It was the major defeat of Rome since about 369 years ago. And the Goths settled themselves definitively in these territories.

THE ROMAN LEGIONS CHASED IN ADRIANOPOLIS…

Only 98 years later, in the 476, the Roman army of Romulus Augustulo was squashed by the Ostrogoths. That established his kingdom in Italy, the south of the Galia and approximately Yugoslavia. The barbarian excused the life to Romulus Augústulo, so much was the incompetence that he was transmitting. Augustulo was the pejorative «small august». This brought the inexorable fall of the Roman empire and the expansion of the Gothic tribes for his western lands, towards Roman Spain, the Galia and Italy.

Today, another army of beasts pushes towards our lands, from the Middle East, some political «refugees» from Arabic tribes. On having been chased and harassed in the civil wars in their living countries, our laws give them this generous «political status». That was thought in his origin to protect and receive individuals and select groups from the countries of the world with dictatorships, that call at our doors. But it happens that these emigrants are not so threatened, not enough driven to despair to look for welcome and protection in the Moslem bordering countries with theirs: Saudi Arabia, Iran, the Persian Gulf States.

In 2015, Europe generously received one million two hundred and fifty thousand refugees, according to the information given by ACNUR and other sources generally well informed. The last European countries that have had to establish a some minimal conditions of entry to canalize and repress this flooding flow of anonymous persons, anxious to enter in close contact with us, has been Sweden and Denmark. The protocol of Dublin, which determines that a refugee must be administratively registered in the first country of the European Union where it requests this «status», is being partly respected again. To assure and preserve this way the intraeuropean Schengen space, one of the fundamental rights of this Union.

This massive, overflowing and relarge reception of «political refugees», was sold to the Europeans by the sentimentality, with innumerable images of corpses dispersed in the beaches of our Mediterranean coasts. And it is not that our politicians were thinking more than us about the human solidarity. But in the safeguard of the supranational procedure of asylum, which they had approved. And that in the first test that it was suffering, was jumping over the airs for inapplicable. Already circa the 5th century of our age, it was speaking about the cristopteros. Those crooks of the High Middle Age who were living abusing the caritas, the charity, which characterizes the Christianity in his social action.

In this year of the Mercy for the Catholics, some European clergymen have asked for the generous and almost indiscriminate reception of the emigrants from the East. But the evangelical message must be taken and assumed in its entirety. And not as the salafists jihadists do with the Noble Koran, using, only and with great vehemence, the aleyas or verses that are favorable to them. This way, it also was said: «do not give your pearls to the porks, it is not on that, trampling, re-turn against you and destroy you». For very much oriental and ancient literary style used, Mateo’s 7, 6 phrase, looks as a verse adapted to mention it now. And, as for the mute clergymen, that usually do not have read a book since their ordinaton: «the senseless one (or fool) uselessly searches for the wisdom» Proverbs, 14, 7. Let’s see what an Indian commentator has just said at the end of 2015: «We have (in India) around 13 million (sic) Muslims. Ten centuries ago they have come to India. Since then, none has converted to the Hinduism». The majority of the Indian Muslims live now in Pakistan and Bangladesh (ex-Pakistan of the East). It is necessary to remember that the Hindu pantheon is polytheistic. But the above mentioned thing is an affirmation and an evidence from third parties, that the Muslims are, in general, refractory to the conversions to other religions. And this apostasy is punished with the death in the Islam.

Curiously, Abu Baker al-Bagdadi threatened us some months ago, saying: «Europe will be invaded by a wave of emigrants…» He did not want to clarify nothing more. It was forming part of his putting in a histrionic and indefinite scene. Was he speaking about the political emigrants pushed by his mujahidins, who look for refuge here? Was it about of the hallucinated European jihadists by the Islamic State, which were coming back to his countries? To act as «furious teams» over the almost infinite targets that offer the modern and free societies to the raging caprice of a few irrecoverable beasts: shopping malls, schools, institutes, universities, unfaithful churches, stores, urban open spaces, etc.

This “common refugees”, as centuries ago the Goths did, look for the comfort, the fecundity and the recreation of our lands. And they implicitly search to take over of them, passing a time. Because his civilization is radically different from ours. And because they want for our lands, markets and granaries. But they do not wish in any way to assume our beliefs and our permanent values. That are those who shape and keep our western Christian civilization.

THE FIGHTING AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE IN IRAK AND SIRIA I.

The appearance of the Islamic State has supposed a qualitative change in the goals, the possibilities, the reputation and in the general and operational strategy of the salafist jihadists of the entire world. Till then, the ideological headquarters of the terrorist group al-Qaeda were establishing and ordering to his own groups or regional supporters, some punctual aims of assault and destruction of persons, goods and places. And its accomplishment, isolated and unconnected between them, operationally, temporally and locally, were marking the terrorists limits of the action and the propaganda, that the organization was looking for. They were acting, really, as a network.

But his «nodes» (the radiant local centers) were weak, without operational transcendence and were remaining too distant between them. These were joined by «ropes», representing his potentials of communication, combined actions and mutual support, which were frayed, almost free. The design, the functionality and the absent and remote direction of this Network were not serving for anything more… In his history, the followers of Ben Laden never managed to control a sufficient extension of key territory. «Al-Qaeda is only a movement, we are already a State«, declared a proud salafist mujaidin of the ISSL. The reality is that the Islamic State of Syria and the Levant spreads diffuse and intermittently for a territory of the size of Spain, which goes from Aleppo up to Diyala’s Iraqi province, at the east of the country, with the Euphrates as vertebral column of his urban enclaves.

A LUXURY WATCH WASN’T USED BY THE PIOUS ANCESTORS OF THE ISLAM TO CONQUER HALF WORLD…

The Drawn Sword of the Islam.

His name is Ibrahim Anwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri. But the guy is in the line of the Popes and some political and military sheiks of the Islam, of the changing name on having ascended or been raised to the seat. And this way, he has named Abu Baker al-Baghdadi. That means, the Father of Baker, from Baghdad. It is a vague name, following the narrow structure used in the epoch of the Arabic tribes, inflamed of overwhelming zeal for the Islam. For it, he only might be recognize at home, at the eating times, if he did not have the well-deserved reputation of «Butcher of the Islam». He was born in a village near to Samarra city, a provincial capital at north of Baghdad, in 1.971. The first witnesses indicate that he was a pacific, introverted and reserved man, who liked to read, to visit the mosque and to play football a place near home.

He had beard, was using with a white cap and dressed the dishdasha, the Iraqi masculine tunic. With 18 years he did the military service in the army of Saddam Hussein. Really, the EISL has altered the behaviors of the youth, presenting him much more pious and occupied for the Koran studies, that really he was. It seems that he took Islamic studies in Baghdad’s University. There are not many locate eyewitnesses of his life and his own family have fled from the city, pulled down of been related with this element. After the American invasion of 2.003 and the beginning of the sunni insurrection against the collaborating chiies and the tribal militias of the clergyman al-Sadr, al-Baghdadi took part in the rebel groups in what was called the «sectarian war (2.004-2.007)».

During a pursuit against Abu Musab al-Zarkawi, the chief of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, al-Baghdadi was arrested. The Americans classified it as a «civil intern», that is, linked with the rebels, but not participant in their operations. And interned him in Camp Bucca, at the south of Iraq, a vague time between 1 and 2 years, as the whole mystery or trick that deliberately wraps this subject. This prison was more comfortable and, especially, more tolerant than the shameful Abu Ghraib, near Baghdad. Where the Americans were retaining, near his operational center of the capital, those who more worry them with theirs facts or relations with the rebels. Observed impassively by his lenient jailers, the interns of Camp Bucca realized contacts between them, were sharing Information, read the Koran, interpreting it in their radical and slanted way, and received yihadists harangues. And towards ends of 2.005 he was liberated.

Ibrahim Anwad began to form part of al-Qaeda in Iraq, where he pointed out in a short time for his organizational capacities. But, at June 7 of 2.006 al-Zarkawi died in a joint air raid of the USA and Iraq aviation, near Bakuba, approximately 65 Kms. at the north of Baghdad, where also died 7 assistants of the terrorist chief. In a few months, Ibahim Anwad took control of the organization in Iraq. By 2.007, Abu Baker, integrating also other yihadists bands in al-Qaeda, assumed the conductive command of the new Islamic State of Iraq, in whose name was stamping his style, capacity and intention. They were difficult, diminished and secret times for the group. The Americans were in Iraq; their anti terrorist strategy of dispersion and isolation of the rebels active bands, rested on the each disputed area in the self-defense tribal forces, the so called Sahwa or «sunni reappear» (sunni dawn), was working from 2.007, under general David Petraeus’ guidance; and the sunnis had left their politics of not take part in the Iraqi public life, dominated and without legal opposition till then by the chií majority.

Implacably chased by his threatened enemies from home and overseas, Abu Baker slips often in the immense desert zone of Syria (his oriental desert) and Iraq (Anbar’s frontier and desert province), stopping in the surroundings of the controlled cities by the ISSIL. The terrorists use small dispersed and camouflaged or masked groups of vehicles, which travel intermingling with the habitual traffic of the zone. That goes sticking to the course of the Euphrates, through the adjacent roads and ways in the desert. There have been realized several attempts of physical elimination of the caliph, using the air not crewed vehicles or by means of specific incursions at charge of a reinforced platoon of elites troops, with his missions of assault, support and isolation. The actions were approved after be detecting his probable presence, thanks to tale-bearings or intelligence operations. But, till now, only they have led to causing falls in his escort officials or his close co religionists, without reaching the slippery leader.

At the short distances, the Caliph, proudly, reserved and mercilessly, appears, according to witnesses information, despot and yet overwhelming, in the treatment with third parties foreign to his intimate circles. Unlike the previous chief of «al-Qaeda in Iraq», Abu Baker takes very much care of his personal image and does not allow his capture by the means. His more extensive and trustworthy images date back to his proclamation in Mosul of the islamist Caliphate. Nevertheless, Ibrahim Anwad al-Badri’s first police photos show him with discontinuous and careless beard and something chubby for a man in the forties years of his life.

The Structure of the Caliphate.

The Administration created by al-Baghdadi is worthy of better destinations. And is a proof of his organizational capacities of political religious leader of the Islam. The executive dome of al-Imarah is formed by the Caliph, his two delegates for Iraq and Syria and the cabinet or council, integrated by 7 advisers. Al-Imarah means Muslim emirate. There exists a legislative organ for military and religious matters named the Council of the Shura, which depends on the al-Imarah governance, that is to say, of his three principal commands and the cabinet. Every national delegate possesses 12 regional governors, each attributed to important or key populations or to certain zones of each country. Also, every delegate has 8 secretaries or offices, dedicated specifically to the tasks or departments more important.

This way, they are: Assistance of the fighters, for the support of the foreign mujaidins. Finance, which controls the sale of oil and derivatives, hostages and confiscated objects and buys weapons and supply. Intelligence, which gathers information, elaborates intelligence and distributes it to the different interested parties. Legality, which entrusts of the legal matters, of the judgments and of the mujaidins and sympathizers’ recruitment. Leadership, which writes the laws and procedures and establishes the political strategy. Means, which regulates them and realizes all kinds of propaganda. Military, on whom depends the coordination of the defense and armed extension of the caliphate. Security, which carries out the internal vigilance and executes the death sentences, operating as a kind of politician delegation or religious police.

And, how many guerrillas possesses the ISSIL? The CIA valued few months ago it was possessing something more that 30 thousand mujaidins, of which 20% would be foreign. It is the source most serious and qualified to realize such difficult estimation. Some of them have been pulverized by the aviation of the Obama’s Coalition; some, of the foreign, hallucinated and stultified adventurers, have returned to their countries to do there the Jihad; and some thousands will have increased his ranges from the summer to now. In the worst of the possibilities for the freedom and the persons, the forces of the IS would not overcome the 45 thousand useful armed. And of them approximately 10 thousand are foreign, catechized in his places of origin and mesmerized by the facts and propaganda of the IS.

Jihadists in Syria.

The deep crisis of the Syrian civil society and the mismanagement produced by a civil war «in crescendo», that already extends for 4 years, causing 200 thousand dead men, have allowed to the jihadists groups of the Near East to settle in Syria. His refuge zones and his areas of influence are not individually big, nor continue. They are rather dispersed and nearby between them. And none of them would resist a military serious harassment. The occupied zones form like amorphous and fluent «spots» in evolution, from which they withdraw if the military enemy pressure is strong and continued. To install in alternative positions the nearest possible, that allow them to keep a minimal operational connection with other regional positions.

In Syria have proliferated the «supporters sets» or bands of al-Qaeda. The reasons of why they have not been articulated an only terrorist Syrian group are different. One is the distance and the lack of control and ascendancy of al-Qaeda’s «head office». This is the cross of his operational decentralization, for which the Network usually presumes and threatens to reach his enemies for half the planet. The communist parties, verified specialists in the capture of the power, always exhibited an ideological, operational and military monolithic unit, proper of warriors filled with enthusiasm monks, in their so called of «national liberation» fights for three continents. Another reason is that these «separated brothers» hate between them. The egalitarianism derived from the brotherhood in the salafist sunni doctrines, soon originates between the «equal ones», a purulent and contagious infection of envy, ill-will and rancor. And vice versa, the existence of a capable, just hierarchy, respected and accepted in an organization, favors the emulation and the ascent of many of the most capable. A reason that weighs is also the ambition, the audacity, the overflowing aggressiveness and the lack of scruples of his military chiefs and locals sheiks. Their first bitter enemy is neither the Army, nor the SFA or the Kurds, Alauits, Christians or Druzes’ self-defense militias, according to the regions. Their more hated and dreaded enemies are the commands of other jihadists groups in Syria. Because they are the most related, their rivals for the command, that they who compete with them for the direction of the jihadism in Syria.

About the strategies of the 2 jihadists groups of Syria, the “Front al-Nusrah for the Liberation of the Peoples of the East” seeks to establish only a «Islamic radical emirate» in Syria. And the ISSIL, born in the guerrilla warfares in Irak after 2.003, wants to create a salafist Caliphate more extensive and permanent. And to install it, for the moment, in Syria and Iraq. Though already it has done punishment assaults to the Lebanese Shiites, in response to Hezbolá’s support to al-Assad. The first follows and goes in parallel with the strategy of al-Qaeda of favoring the creation and functioning of national or regional «representative cores». That from his physical distance and with the structural laxity of the Network, could be controlled by her, about orders, strategies and operations and the use of «al-Qaeda’s brand». But, the ISSIL looks for a functional independence and, probably also ideological, with «head office core» of the Network. Since the Islamic State would act as an “operational command» in a supranational zone. Which might include the whole southwest of Asia. This way, an administrator and absentee high headquarters, is of no use and irrelevant for the ISSIL.

Ayman al-Zawahiri confirmed in 2.013 the link of the Front al-Nusrah of Abu Mohammed al-Golani with al-Qaeda and denied any relation with the ISSIL. And he had to intervene in several occasions to deprive al-Baghdadi of authority. “The ISSIL must be abolished, whereas the Islamic State of Iraq must continue working», he declared categorical al-Zawahiri in November, 2013. «Al-Baghdadi committed a mistake on having established the ISSIL without asking us for permission», and, continued, the Syrian al-Golani also «has been wrong on having announced his rejection of the ISSIL, without our permission». Al-Zawahiri ordered then that the Islamic State of Iraq should circumscribe his operations to that country, whereas the Front al-Nusrah is «an independent branch of al-Qaeda that reports before the general command (a kind of regional delegate)». In addition, he recriminated both «brothers groups» for their acts of violence against other Muslims. In response, and in spite that the original group «al-Qaeda in Iraq» of Musab al-Zarkawi sworn loyalty to al-Zawahiri, al-Baghdadi declared in rebelliousness towards him. Producing an important crisis of leadership in the Network, which they tried to repair moving away from al-Baghdadi. This debilitated the fight against al-Assad, as the jihadists groups were spreading in Syria and her army was centering towards the great populations. And during the clashes between the rebels of first of 2.014, al-Golani offered his mediation to the groups, which it did not come to fruition, looking to give priority to plant face against to al-Assad. In this epoch the break between the 2 great jihadists groups complete, after a series of approximation talks between delegates of both branches, celebrated in the Syrian Kurdistan. In one of them Abu Baker appeared, forming part of the negotiating group, but without revealing his identity to his speakers of the Front al-Nusrah.

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The Flexible and Mobile Defense of the «Ideological Positions» II.

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Origin and Sociocultural Meaning of the Civilizations.

The civilization is literally the art of living in the big settlements or cívitas. That originally were the first human settlements. Where the man first settled and left roaming about as imperious and vital need. And could manage to generate remaining benefits, in the form of cereals, cattle and all his derivatives and some tools and utensils, as reserves and for the trade with his neighbors. And that were offering to him safety, comfort and survival. This allowed him to start behaving socially as person. And to leave the simple and exhausting wild fruits collection. Establishing firm and extensive tides with his nearby similar ones, the relatives beyond his families, his neighbor or vitally nearly. The result of all this social activity were the first local, narrow, vulnerable and babbling civilizations. That were including: the development of the rights and the duties of the men as individuals and with their collectivities; the arithmetic, to measure and contract the productions and their distributions; the language and his writing, to communicate between them and with the nearby settlements, leaving record, at least, of the important considered things, etc. The civilizers inventions, as the bricks, waterings, organic fertilizers, the plow, the writing, etc., arise in these human locations. And they had not been necessary, not possible, without the stable settlements or cívitas.

The civilizations possess a bivalent, necessary and complementary character in his social global relations. This double quality is centrifugal, expansive and dominating towards her exterior. Inside her borders the civilization is centripetal, enterprising and developing. In both cases, is creative, innovative and forming. Because of it she emphasizes in both activities, that are different and opposite, but not antagonistic. The balance between both trends, which canalize his better efforts and means, is indispensable for her constant, protected and beneficial development and impulse. The civilizations merely overwhelming and plunders, that expire as all them, do not leave permanent and fruitful fingerprints in the conquered countries. As examples of premature extinguishing of his civilization, would be the Mongolians, distinguished, not understood and advanced in the art science of the war and the defenders of the Thousand Years German Reich.

The civilizations that manage to bring together both vital drives, his absorbent diastoles and his efferent and driving systoles, manage to last more along time. And also they impregnate their style, language and culture, to the territories subdued successively. With it they transmit their essence to the posterity, much after their decadence, through the peoples civilized with their culture, laws and language and historical paths. There we have the case of Rome, lad and imperialist as any other power. That only with the colds and the evil time was getting her legions in the winter barracks. Readied during the Republic and the Empire to going out for conquering, repression of the revolts or secure her borders, in her military annual campaigns, as soon as the good time was allowing it. But that was capable also of transmitting her culture, her laws, come up to today as the “Roman law”, her vulgar Latin and her administrative system, to all the regions «extra Italy» that little by little were joining the empire or «res publica». This cultural impregnation, which Lorenz would say, was sanctioned, integrated and dedicated with the generous, opportune and prudent concession of the citizenship to many of those regions. The «Ius civitatis » was granted by conquest, depending on the degree of annexation, loyalty and assimilation of the submitted peoples. When they were turning into Roman provinces, the same rights were granting to them that to the metropolis. It was the case of Roman Spain. But until they were not reaching this honor and quality, the dominated peoples had to pay his “tax of conquest” (according the ius belli) and were lacking many rights. Palestine, for example, never managed to have the condition of Roman province.

The coexistence between bordering civilizations is difficult. His singular, exclusive and expansive character does that the direct contact between them is a source of frictions and shocks and of threats of them. It is not more that to remember the scanty 45 years of coexistence between the Western and Soviet civilizations. They did not come to physical blows, but the enormous expenses in Defense, grasped in weapon successively overcome and obsolete, were the best signs of their extreme rivalry. This way, the armed shocks did not arise over the European countries of both social economic politic Blocks, because the apocalyptic ascent to Armageddon, an Etscheidungschlacht or Clausewitz‘s decisive battle, was in these cases highly probably. The Soviet civilization was based on supposedly scientific reasons of exclusion and fight between antagonistic social classes. Directed indefinitely by a personalized dictatorship of the Party. This organization was the only politically active, the only one to which there was granted, inside fixed parameters, the interpretation of the reality and of the needs of the proletariat. But in those reasons, the peoples did not find sufficient causes and emotions in order that the socialistic «new man» compromises himself «for life» and in altars to a better and more just future, with these civilizers permanents ideals. And, why not to say it, removed from the human real parameters.

All the transcendent or earthly religions (the Marxism Leninism, for example) are exclusive between them. The moral can be an object of controversy and evolution throughout the time. But the dogma, the faith, is the distinctive brand of a religion. And to change it or to deprive of authority supposes losing essence and stopping being she, measured by the importance of what disappears. The culture also supposes difference or exclusion, because it is the brand and the distinctive stamp of a society or nation. Which does not imply shock or aggression between the different cultures, with the current world parameters of mutual respect and coexistence. The culture, into which is usually incorporated a religion, is the ideological social framework of the integrated collectivity. The culture forms the sustenance in origin of the individual identity of the nation. In her there are the immanent virtues of this society. That are defined as the permanent parameters that govern the rights and duties of his members and his general procedure of conduct towards themselves and aliens and with the divinity.

The human Links create and strengthen the Nations.

The internal relations of the human groups are characterized by incorporating into them certain rites, rules, attitudes and prohibitions. Their assumption and repetitive expression forms part of the incultivation, social affirmation and cohesion of these «groups». Always will exist a «code of customs and honor», not necessarily written, though it will be clear and defined in his terms. That establishes certain rights to the individual and demands of him certain social duties, towards the family, friends and other human superior groups. In any society exist the «protective values». These might be the hospitality, the loyalty, the friendship, the justice for outrages and hurts, a divine worship, the individual and collective honor. Each of them protects and enlarges in some measure the “human group«. The interpersonal relations, in the areas of the family, the group and the region, are projected by the opportunity, the nearness, the exchange of goods and the relations. And take root and affirm with the loyalty, the respect to the accepted procedure and the time of treatment. Always an excess of regulation, looking for the assurance of the objective responsibilities and the elimination of the «mistakes and uncertainties», ends up being harmful for all the «groups». Because they are the «ideological antonyms» of the social shared responsibilities. The «undue plethora» of super elaborated and ultra rational rules enervates and debilitates the individuals sense of the responsibility and moral courage (necessary to assume and exercise it). And the reflexes and attitudes of collective responsibility are diluted and get lost.

His real «engine and fuel» will be the «reasonable, suitable, opportune and attainable illusion» and the «enthusiasm» of these societies. Without illusion and enthusiasm can not be undertaken, nor realized with consistency, all the beneficially human ventures. The enthusiasm is a force of the spirit, illuminated by the reasonable illusion. That wins to the «moral and ideological entropy» inevitably generated with the time in the societies. This social entropy is the joint of the psychic and spiritual decay and softness. That are generated by the disappointment and the disenchantment personal and collective of the members of the group.

From the social crises only is possible to get out fortifying in the values and virtues. The values and virtues recognized, taken again and reaffirmed are those who can give the force and the illusion to overcome the times of decadence or of danger. Often these names are applied indistinctly. Those are the human «goodness and qualities» of reference, permanently valued by the human societies. The virtues are very stable through time. The values are the human «qualities and goodness» temporary and/or locally estimated by some societies. And, principally, by virtue of their idiosyncrasy, living conditions and pressures received from the exterior. The cultural and social values are in the habit of being evolving with the contingencies, the displacements and the fortunes of the human societies.

The virtues are given principally by the elaborated religions, and by Cicero’s speeches and Plato’s Dialogs, within our extensive Western ideology. We mention only some, that are absorbed and assumed in the human soul: Appreciation of the family, the social group, the friendship and the nice and curious strangers, who come to our environment. It is the vital environment that sustains us, the fertile and indispensable «social humus». Need of punishment of the conducts that are sufficiently separated of the social rules. To avoid the free, excessive or untidy revenge, to dissuade the possible offenders, to satisfy in justice the damages and the hurts, weighting the hurts and his punishments, and to reform the mistaken conducts. When this «virtue» is complaisant or very deficient, the way is opened to the personal or collective offense and to the imperious and vital need to take revenge. Revenge that, for tending to the maximums of von Clausewitz and being fed by the injustice and the rage, will rest and follow the Talion law. Appreciation of the respect and worship to the divinity, as recognition and worship of the “Necessary Being”, who creates us, supports us and, in some cases, directly helps us. And that makes concrete according to the ideology and the social environment lived.

Need of the education, as stamp of the good doing and the social citizenship. And the formation as the knowledge and professional skills group, necessary for the service to the family and to the company, with the exercise of an appropriate and suitable way of life. Valuation of the different duties to fulfil as necessary, vital and social counterpart, of the several right to receive. Valuation of the sobriety, the effort, the saving, the commitment, the study or formation and the work as necessary factors for the progressive and just attainment of the personal and collective goals.

Let’s not forget the essential function of «control, management, impulse and example» of the social leaders of all kinds, present in the homes, schools, churches, political parties, barracks, trade unions, working centers, associations in general, etc. These are the cores of the collective activity of the society, where are created the reciprocal «human links» of the develop society. Where will settle themselves and later bloom the indispensable «illusion and enthusiasm». In the decadence, they must accentuate more the example. Because, the values and the virtues cannot be feel as something artificial and remote, without real connection with a practical and lived code. And they are not acceptable as impositions of «procedure and cold regulations», dictated from a «supposed moral and intellectual apex» of the society. The leaders and commands are the «alive examples of the society» and from their «practical speech» all her members will do their readings.

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The Flexible and Mobile Defense of the «Ideological Positions»

A nation is an individuals society provided with a social political self conscience. In creating and vertebrating it collaborate the history, the tradition and the customs, and the language and the moral own sense. And secondly contribute to it the ethnic and the own territory, that not always exist, specially the first one. This way, the territory of a country is not a nation. She is not even the inarticulate population of a territory under an only one government. When the nation is loved by his components and there exists in them the desire to serve it and to defend her in community, the concept of the mother land appears. Both ideas are essentially interrelated. And, the absence of the patriotism or the shame to practice it by members of a «social political community”, leads to the defenselessness and the dismemberment of their nation, in major or minor degree, forming «groups of associate individuals». It is not surprising that are the Defense Forces of a nation, as institutions and in their members, which hoist, teach and practice the patriotism as one of their essential virtues. The Defense Forces of a nation are the specialized group of the «natives or patriots» for the belligerent and complete Defense of their “native nation».

The Civilization. What does she mean?

After the sufficient and permanent structure of a «human group» in society, his civilization arises in him. That is a sign of identity, volitional and of human activity of the group. Because, definitively, the civilization is a representative, plastic, specific and adaptable form of the men live in society. The civilization is the articulated, elaborated and harmonic collection of language, philosophy and thoughts, arts and sciences, ethical sense, traditions and customs, which illuminate, cohesion, shape and stimulate a nation as «human differentiated group». It arises when the human development reaches a «level of initiation», necessary in order that it appears and blooms. Level that supposes and implies a perspective of relative future and progress, the need to conquer the natural obstacles to them, a sufficient social internal coherence and the temporary absence of external, too powerful, greedy and exclusive enemies. The civilization would be the «culture put in action», possessing the former a major mental and volitional content of ideology, expansion and transcendence.

The civilization contains the collection of knowledge of all kinds that possesses, encourages and develops a human group or an epoch of her. Somehow it is what the man learns, perfects and stimulates with the exercise of his intellectual and volitional powers. This difference it from the race, anchored in the biological inheritance, which is the work of the nature. This impulse of the nature trying out the way, with her particular pace, and deciding routes to crossing it, is the natural way followed by the man in his biological walking.

The first Social Structures with stability and projection.

The structure of the tribal group secures on the biology and the ideology. The lineage is the biological base that joins to the groups of families that have or recognize have an origin common ancestor. This way, the direct kinship is the anthropological link of recognition between the members and of social union between them. The civilization as wide expression of the beliefs, ideas, traditions, procedures, language and forms of life is another identification stamp of every tribe. Both social parameters form the identity base of the «individual in community». And on her develop the rights and personal and collective duties, in a profitable balance. That has been forged and polished for generations. The group gives vital and belonging senses to the individual. And it offers to him independence, flexibility and multiple supports. The individual and the pairs cohesion and protect the group. This generates two social corollaries. A great egalitarian sense exists between the full right members of the tribes. And the chiefs must contribute charisma or example to imitating, support of groups, negotiating skills and military capacities. And not necessarily brandishing a saber, but directing and stimulating towards the victory. And his more important decisions must be approved or confirmed in the meetings of the «important ones» of the groups.

The social structure of the tribes is preindustrial. And, when she survives, the scanty possibilities of life lead that all the members are producing: shepherds or farmers. And to that all the males are also always warriors. The rougher, sterile and ungrateful is a territory or tribal habitat, the more develop in his members the qualities of belonging, strangers’ exclusion and activate defense of the lean available resources. All this seems that it generates and prepares for the confrontation and the liquidation of the competitors and enemies. But it is not like that. The regional and frontier tribes have been developing a social way, therefore personified and assumed in their culture, of canalizing the hatreds and differences towards a “minor possible hurt”.

Three are the protest mechanisms that arise to happen, to smooth or to relieve the affronts and disputes and realizing always the justice. The first is the «price of blood». It consists in that a related group or a families selection, assumes and faces the «offense» realized by a member of this group. The offense is paid, for example, by the delivery of camels or measures of cereals. Then there is the revenge, when a crime is committed or a member of a clan is seriously insulted. This generates a spiral, developed in successive cycles, of violence and misbehaviors. Actions that the honor of the group forces to getting. And, often, a «mediators’ council», accepted by the parts, can arbitrate successfully to cut this undesirable chain. Finally, is the limited war. That establishes a military collective action between faced clans or tribes and has an intermittent and extensive character. The lack of resources is a source of serious clashes between the settled groups. And his rooting can manage to be like the vendettas. The origins are the nomadism, pastures, droughts, hungers, water supplies, the demographic exclusive pressure and the lack of the capital or underdevelopment. But, also they can be the distribution of political and social roles in countries in precarious social and economic situation. Or of the economic outputs that generate the exploitation and sale of his principal producing sources, which generally are mono cultures or mono productions of the mining industry. But, in his tribal origin, it is always a war limited in the useless hurt:: so, the children, the women, the animals, the fruit-bearing trees, even the crops that cannot be remove, are respected. The premise is more or less not to urge and justify in the rival a total and raging revenge thirst.

Clausewitz already warned in his First Book that the war was tending to the limits of violence and not only to impose the will on the enemy. One of the things that brought the modern civilization, which implies living and developing in the cities, is the disappearance of the «containment and respect procedure» of the fighting in and between the tribes. And we see it in Somalia, in Iraq, in The Lebanon, in Mali, where the internal emigrations to the cities did not break the internal cohesion, influence and power of the tribes. But that degraded his migrated members and deprived them of the advantages of their civilization. Other of the vices that the urban members of the tribes have acquired is the excessive greed. And with her, her corollary and the easy way to satisfy her, the rampant and widespread corruption, that is associated with the “clientèle”, spreading this way over the whole infected collectivity. The social equality in the tribes, their «ideological republicanism», expressed in the assemblies of qualified members, was guaranteeing the use and reasonable enjoyment of the resources for all the members. And the support of the group was providing the cases of orphanhood, disease, etc., of the members in misfortune.

The tribes were working or can socially and politically work as a «nation in potential» in situations of isolation, structural poverty, central precarious authority. But they will tend to weaken when the benefits of the ethnic and tribal, regional and local structures are overcome by the provided by the sheik or dominating emir or the despot or democratic central State. And when these have the popular respect, coercion means and respect, to keep the tribes united and cohesion. And following those a general common politics, favorable to the majority of the citizens. Where does not take place the «respect of clans». That is the cancer that has corroded the tribal state unions, for example, in Somalia. Where, in addition, has been absent the sufficiently exemplary, valued and supported figure, to manage to impose a national common politics and the social peace.

The social state structure arises when a tribe can impose to the existing others. Using always for it a variable degree of coercion or violence. It is necessary that arise some characteristics or functions, which allow to develop the new intra state tides and to debilitate those tribal and regional antagonistic. Those might be: the Islam (as simple and very socialized religion); the widespread education, which generates a change of mentality and modifies the culture, without creating social traumas, and specialized, as way of life and progress; the infrastructures and capitals investments; the establishment of a political system, which could guide and realize the whole process, resting on a civil and military, sufficient and reasonably honest public officials. Looking for the economic progressive development and reasonably distributing the obtained products. And showing this way enough attractive possibilities of safety, justice, well-being, prosperity and peace for all. That is to say, highlighting and showing the advantages of the integral and superior state development over the clogging of the social game of tribes and clans, as «previous social surmountable structure».

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The Flexible and Mobile Defense of the «Ideological Positions» III.

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The Will of Defense as Fundamental Factor of the National Strategy.

The will of defense of a nation is her capacity to cause, create, develop and support her defense forces. The strength of the defense forces, in turn, rely on the necessary support of the economy of the country and the diplomacy of the state. The “defense will” is an expression of the will of being and the vital capacity, even biological, of a society. The will of defense will be healthy, normal and sufficient when the defense forces and the support of the country’s economy and the state diplomacy are proportional and adapted to the political objectives of society. Those must also be adequate to the possible threats that the country may have to oppose, both within and without the country and within his geopolitical region or other threat sources. This capacity and its performance in different situations stems from a correct “national moral”.

The defense will is shaped normally in the Armed Forces, as specific instruments of the defense function. The Armed Forces include the human resources, psychological and intellectual resources and material resources. In a modern society, the chain of transmission of the popular will to the Armed Forces, passes through a series of intermediate sociological gears of authorities and institutions. These ones crystallize and fulfill the popular will. Albeit with all the shades, errors and deviations derived from the degree of imperfection existed in the society’s institutional system and among some authorities. This implies that a direct military attack on the civil populace, does not debilitate the will of defense already shaped within his Armed Forces. Military actions to undermine the will of defense most be focused on the enemy armies, followed by the political system of the enemy’s country including his political objectives, plans, and alliances, as well as his military and auxiliary industries. not on the society from which she springs. Only finally would be the focus of attack or pressure on civilians of the enemy country.

The civil populace, which is not intrinsically organized, but dominated by the ideological and institutional apparatus of the state, is capable of absorbing tremendous military blows. Examples of this are the bombing raids that Germany and North Vietnam endured for years. Ultimately, only the invasion of Germany forced its surrender. There is also the case of Iraq which was submitted to an economic siege in which his people were impoverished. Still, the Iraqi regime was even stronger than at the end of the allied invasion in the winter of l991, having suppressed internal opposition from Shiites and Kurds and having attracted the support or admiration of its resistance in the Arab world. Despite these, Iraqis did not rise against their political institutions and the content and the expression of Iraq’s national defense will was not altered. In the most radical case of a nuclear war, great civilian losses would occur initially, yet if the Armed Forces remained relatively intact due to defensive deployment and protection measures, it could prolong the defense of its country and even win.

This brings us to time as the environment in which the will of defense is expressed, and whose effective factor is national moral. In effect, the defense will is constructed in the time and to destroy it requires actions during time. Those engaged in insurrection come to understand this point well; that a prolonged war directed at the source of the defense will, the country’s people, will in effect attack the country’s national moral. She is the collective conviction of how best to live by following historically-proven trends of peace, progress, service and justice. This certainty is assumed by a society as its own vision, or conception of its destiny. When individuals or groups do not subscribe this vision, or when they pervert it, the quality of national moral deteriorate. Without illusion and enthusiasm, societies and men cannot achieve or create beneficial enterprises. Enthusiasm is a force of spirit which conquers moral and ideological entropy and that is inevitably generated in societies.

When leaders also are in tune with the right social trend and the wishes of their people, a moral community is established between leaders and their people that harmonizes national and social feelings. This process is the origin and creator of the national moral of societies and is at a different qualitative level than that of purely biased, ethnically-based or group-based interests. An ideological agreement joins people, who recognize that ideology as being in favor of the people. Still, this process remains subject to deviations and historical aberrations. Process for creating a national morality are positive when leaders collectively act with honesty and inspire their people to follow «correct ways» of living, within all the possible ways of living available to them. This implies and demands a certain ideological guide on the part of the social leadership, which is one of its main functions. Abuses of this responsibility are represented by Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda, Mr. Goebbels. The natural organs for forming and transmitting the national moral are far from official offices of propaganda. The reason is that they are found in the nuclei of society’s collective action and in her natural and institutional leaders. That is to say, the spaces in which national moral is created are homes, schools, churches, parties, trade unions, working centers, and associations in general. It is in the day by day of men living in community, where blows up and is practiced what we want and are going to be as an alive society.

The Mechanism of the Flow and Reflux of the Civilizations.

The commercial routes and the habitual contacts between border civilizations are their authentic supplies and exterior communications lines. And, when these arteries are neglected in the periphery of the “influence zone” of a civilization, the civil, religious and military experts of other one come to repair, to occupy and to vitalize her. The absorbent «aspiration» created by the decadence of other, created by her «existential emptiness», attracts a foreign steam of ideas, methods, words, inventions and styles. In the debilitated and permeable foreign zone first appear the travelers, commercial or secret agents, cultural delegations, missionaries, professors and diplomats. This way, often the military action is not more than the political confirmation of an existing and manifest superiority, which emerges and shows irresistibly from many other fields of the human activity. And the territorial earnings are consolidated by the arrival of the civil servants and administrators and the professions of growth and development, architects, engineers, land-surveyors, artists and a swarm of go-getters, unscrupulous opportunists and adventurers. From this human flow, specially the last mentioned, because their immediate future is a blank page, always arise decisive prominent figures for the new implantation.

In the XVth and XVIth centuries Spain was in vital boiling. At sight of all, was taking place a wide social and ethnic phenomenon, of difficult containment for it. For a «privileged luck» of historical and social circumstances, combined with the Fortune or the Providence, as it is preferred, we were advancing over «giants shoulders». The political union had been completed and soon it would follow by the religious one, and our creative national impulses were reaching Europe and America. That phenomenon is going to create, first, a suction and, then, an inevitable absorption of the peripheral and bordering social forces, integrating them in Spain. Everybody want to be of the nation in summit, all want to take part of the success and the relative prosperity. To all they encourage the victories and the energies of Spain and nobody wants to be a stranger or to be at margin of this vital national process. And the integrator, carrying and transmitter language of all the spiritual and materials efforts of that nation in march was the Spanish, not the peripheral regional underlanguages.

It might be thought then that the stabilized societies and civilizations would be the culmination and desideratum in their development. As this way they would be sure, beneficial and attractive. But no. To a civilization, the development penury, the languor in her vital effort is already a sign of decadence. If it does not flow, adapts, tackles and advances, it will be stagnating, losing the survival and rotting. As it would happen to a fresh water current, which pass was remaining repressed. This happens in periods measured in many years, which escape to the perception of the ephemeral man.

The observable facts that define the temporary decadence of a matured civilization are: the vital national energy, which feeds the «national moral» and a healthy «defense will», vanishes; the arts and letters become formalist and sterile; the emplacements, colonies or peripheral partners are neglected or given up and the exterior politics turns coward, delicate, stuttering and prudent. This backwarc movement of a civilization creates an existential emptiness, which attracts and gives impulse externally to another neighbor one. Forming a «natural cosmic swaying», because the Nature loathes and flees from the «emptinesses».

And there is also a great hope. The human useful and creative activity resides in the fulfillment by all the members of a social group of the daily tasks, with constancy, effort and appreciation. This «attitude and permanent action» of many men orientated in a sense and direction, is capable of regenerating, of raising and encouraging to weak or sick group. It is the yeast of the spirit that “makes bread” the amorphous disoriented mass. Let’s not forget the axiom: «The man puts the effort and the Fortune or the Providence puts the Force». And, let’s also remember that God does not love the lazy one. There is nothing any more, not anything less…

(THE END)

The Taliban’ Military Operations in Afghanistan.

or The Expert Taliban Military Field Manual

In this epoch of scanty dissimulation, of powerful electronic sensors, even installed in the space, of spreads of the «intelligence», the enemy movements and hostile intentions are difficult to conceal to a military modern army. The means to achieve it are the dispersion, the geography (fogs, rainfalls, forests, orography, nights), the disguise (spoiling the reality) and the camouflage, concealing or adjusting reality. To avoid the detection and the heavy fire, to the enemy improved vision, is necessary to oppose the fleetingness, the smallness and imprecision of the images (few people, neutral clothes, conceal and dismantled weapons) and the insecurity in the apprehended «reality» (civil or armed and friends or enemies?). The enemy are difficult to be seen In the modern «empty» combat fields in combat availability at the nearby distances. Where the movements of the afoot infantry are not enfilade or by short and rapid jumps from concealment to concealment, preferably protected. And the «drones» or planes without crew of exploration and/or ground attack always will be able to lead to the murder of a few innocent smugglers or countrymen. By confusing them with enemy activists. Everything to do for losing the war to «gaining the hearts and minds of the enemy»!

The Taliban operational ways.

But, during a lot of time yet, the air and spatial means of the USA, as spy satellites, drones and planes of the system Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS), will have great limitations in the detection and check of small ground, even regular, forces in the areas of difficult transitability and with concealment possibilities: as mountains, jungles and forests, marshes and urbanized areas (industrial, warehousing and distribution, and housing). Those not only offer concealment, but also covered from enemy fire, up to the near combat distances. A slightly valued phenomenon here is the plethora of the «relative concealment heights», as determinant factor of the «transitability» («the good or bad ongoing» does not completely value and express it) of the units in this type of so abundant areas.

The operational key of the Taliban resides in their innumerable local chiefs, with their small guerrillas bands, at full or part time availability. They are in charge of intimidating, teaching, scaring, attacking and more or less temporarily occupying some of the numerous peasants settlements and hamlets. According to the pressure degree that they should exercise on the villagers in order that they inform, hide and support them. Evidently its elementary degree of operational development keeps the movement at the defensive. Without being able to dispute to any of the present ISAF’s Armies in these areas, any territory or village. Without being able to realize other attack actions beyond ambushes; assaults to very small enemy isolated units, preferably natives, demoralized and/or tired; medium range fire harassment; kidnapping; short duration isolated incursions, helped or not by other nearby bands; and the mining of paths and ways (the fearful IED), usually travel by the enemy with their frequent, unimaginative and “showing” patrols. The sheiks or commands chiefs are ideologically concentrated in the conversion to their movement, to their semi nomadic cells, of the most related or nearby Pashtuns. In a minor and less extensive degree, operate the cells of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Taliban «action units» type platoon must be unfolded in sections and even in «teams», for their large movements or with the possibility of the enemy presence. The extended march security helps to this secure deployment. The result is a network structure. Which nodes are the unfolded subunits and which “threads” indicate their horizontal and vertical relations, supports, communications and superposed protective shooting sectors. Even this network can be camouflaged, mixing or intermingling the “nodes” with pacific native groups. In this more yet empty battlefield, without permanent or consolidated lines, is necessary to accept the sporadic incursion in our own rear of military patrols of exploration and/or of combat. Their air abundant means facilitate them to realize surprising, rapid and powerful deep insertions, in charge of elite units. For it, in the haltings, rests and locations we have to keep the security, even in our rear and always deploying a tactical exploration.

This imposes a tremendous effort on the men and on the commands. Whose training, formation and discipline, motivation and religiousness and commitment with each mission must be complete. In this type of fighting, apart from the self-defence units, which dominate and monitor our own settlements and enclaves, the number of «select» soldiers, destined for the action units, it should be subordinated to their quality. These select fighters, as any other military mean of interest, always will skimp on. So, it is absurd to get involved in a clash, in which the Taliban’ combat capacity, is clearly lower than that of the enemy. Against the on board cannons and machine guns (both in ICV and airships), with their detection and fire control equipments, the ambushing Taliban, even protected in reinforced and/or covered positions, but in the forward slope to use their tense fire weapons, cannot support a duel.

The Taliban harassment operations on the military forces.

For the fire harassment to the patrols they don’t need to mobilize many fighters. The enemy will always call his tactical aviation or the helicopter gunships, which come fast, if he see a shooters spot or lunette in front of him. Even they sometimes overfly the marches of their columns and patrols, looking for opportunity targets. A small «selected» rebel unit can stop them. So forcing them to deploy, spend their ammunition as much as they follow their «engagement rules». And to regroup and, even, reequip, to continue their march. After the harassment the Taliban combatants, without being committed, will be scattered to gather on a main or alternative meeting point. And this can be repeated later by another «action unity». Fixed as they are to the tracks, the occasions for the Taliban will be numerous. And the results, enervating and frustrating, because they force the military men to the passiveness and to the moral wear.

Afghanistan almost lacks asphalt roads: there are only two. The most important gives itself a round turn all over the country, joining the principal populations, Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, etc. So they called it Ring Road. Then there is the North-South Road, which follows this tour, at the east of the country. They are not great thing. The asphalt have between half and one inch of thickness; the heats soften it and potholes and bubbles are easily formed. But, under a protuberance can hide an explosive device. It is necessary to cross slow the roads and looking at the soil. The Taliban have not now the habit of recording on video the ambushes, to hang them on Internet. This does that the carelessness observers in horizon, highly vulnerable as acquaintances, are almost away from the limits of the landscape of the ambushes. And that do not use as alert sign of them. But, the explosive devices are constantly developing and perfecting. These give a certain anonymity, distance and impunity to his «placers». The devices detonated by cable cannot be neutralized by the inhibitors. They are not frequently using cables activators. These are expensive and weigh, and the rebels are in isolated zones and the logistics is weak, vulnerable and complicated. Some devices are activated by a frequency transmitter with a given range; even serves an electronic opening door device. With the frequency inhibitors, the soldiers try to offset the radio waves of the probable frequencies used in the zone. Being the most expensive and complicated transmitters, that with more range, power and frequencies range. It is the game of the cat and the mouse. The problem is that the guerrillas of an area receive a radio activator that uses an unforeseen frequency. The activated by pressure and wrapped in plastic, can be very effective if their hollow conical explosive charge covered with the fatal metal, is well enough. The multiple and complicated are increasingly used. For example, it is possible to place one of average credible load, which alerts the designated land observers in the vehicles. On having brought over or descend from these, some of them can be activated by cable. And even «throw» from the path flanks some hollow charge missile placed in fixed unexpected camouflaged launchers. If the soldiers dismount from the vehicles, also some mortar bombs can be thrown on the ambush area, having it registered from the deployment positions of the tubes.

The obligatory passing zones of the enemy (gorges, mountainous passes, ways bordered of rocky outcrops or with cut gutters and direct accesses to the hamlets) are adapted for their employment. It must be also used a certain number or percentage of trick «placements», keeping the scene and decoration, but without live charges or cable wastes, destined to harass, tease and tire the foreign enemy stroller. In the variety are the taste and the initiative. The effect on the enemy of the “explosive, real and fictitious, simple or multiple ambushes”, is not simply added. But is a potential function of those deployed.

A permanent harassment of the barracks is not normal, for unproductive and costly. Also, they are tremendously defended (sensors, pits, wire fences, patrols and fortifications) against the suicides bombs. But happens that the suicides, who are illuminated but not silly fanatics, usually attack “not sufficiently protected enemies groups”.

In order to remove the indirect fire origins, the military men can realize limited aim assaults, expelling the Taliban irregular mortars. With an active habitual patrolling, they can in these moments scare or beat and remove the hostile marauders. The Taliban usually explore, at least initially and also in fluid fighting conditions, by observation. It is important to locate and eliminate these reconnaissance positions. The patient observation is the way. Bearing in mind that if the exigency is intense, every 30 minutes the observer must be replaced. Because he looks, but already not sees.

The Taliban usual procedure to assault a weak defended and/or without spirit position, preferable of the Afghan National Army (ANA) is this: at dawn they bomb with heavy fire from fixed missile launchers, then they approach to use mortars and finally, the assault is realized by several independent squads, that converging advance, shooting AK and RPD or PK machine gun bursts and their RPG and RL grenade-launchers. To avoid friendly fires, they would fire only to verified targets and from bottom to up or above to below.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

The Latest British Misfortunes in Afghanistan II.

On how a passive defense is inoperative and shameful in the counter insurgency war!!

(continuation)

The Taliban assault at Friday, 14, September, 2012 against Camp Bastion.

The British base has been attacked in diverse occasions during his years of existence. The most “media” occasion has been this that we treat. In the assault were dead two Marines (of the attached Camp Leatherneck). And other nine persons – eight military men and a civil contractor – were hurt. 6 airplanes McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II of the Marines Corps were destroyed and other two were very damaged. As for the logistic facilities, were destroyed three stations of fuels supply and damaged 6 hangars of aviation not structurally reinforced.

The effective defense of the military barracks, redoubts and camps against the assault and the harassment of irregular armed rebels is founded on three operational qualities: the initiative, the mobility and the offensive action. These, in turn, are directly determined by the mentality and the combative disposition of the military men (which depend fundamentally on them) and by the military available means in the operations zone (that depend fundamentally on the politicians and the public managers). The gravity center of the active defense of the military fixed positions resides in the observation and the control of the approximation routes. That in rural zone can be a semi flooded rice field; in mountainous area, a heights line a little below the military crest; in urban zone, the streets orientated towards them, from certain distance, and in a road, a verge. All this compounded by the climate and the day hour. The observation and fighting military positions can consist from the couple of snipers up to a reinforced platoon, according to the characteristics of the area and the intentions and capacities of the enemy. Those are apart of the perimeter defense and of the patrols who cross it randomly, that constitute a part of the camp static defense. The enemy is in the habit of exploring, at least initially and also in fluid fighting conditions, by observation. It is important to locate and eliminate these reconnaissance positions. The patient observation is the way. Bearing in mind that if the exigency is intense, every 30 minutes the observer must be replaced, because he looks, but already not sees. If additional means exist for it and as complement, it is necessary to use the energetic patrolling against the enemy, moving away the Complex much more, using armed reconnaissances and attacks with limited aims.

A passive defense, limited to rejecting the assaults, with the initiative and the election of the moments in hands of the enemy, is almost the most solvent of the combat morale that can experience a force, leaving apart a defeat. Ask about it to the Frenchmen who were defending multitude of redoubts and positions in Indochina before Dien Bien Fu in 1954 and to the nationalistic Chinese until 1949.

The operational offensive key is the energetic, constant, unpredictable patrolling, eager for the combat with the insurgents or of obtaining information. That constitute a more professional, more active and more lethal «swarm» than the insurgents bands. Integrated by units not usually bigger than a platoon. Whose weapons are the seal, the discretion, the mobility, with the night as collaborator and refuge. The initiative, demonstrated in the irregular war in multitude of small actions, is always habitual and consistently of the winning final side. It is not acceptable to allow that the enemy takes her, uses her or retains her. The initiative is joined to the creative imagination, framed and illuminated by the professional knowledge and the field experience . Together, reinforcing an enterprising character, they can be military decisive and efficient here

The Taliban usual procedure to assault a weak defended or without spirit position enemy is this: at dawn they bombard with the fixed rocket launchers heavy fire, then they approach to use mortars, finally, the assault it is realized by several independent squads, that converging advance shooting AK and RPD or PK machine gun bursts and their RPG and RL hollow charge grenade-launchers. They only fire on verified targets or from above and from below. When they try to keep the surprise, the initiative and the confusion, to lengthen the military reaction time and to obtain a very local and temporary superiority, they act without their meager heavy fire support. A typical characteristic of the Taliban is that they do not get involved in the defense of their positions. Once obtained the harassment of the enemy and extended the hurt, the mutilation and the stupor on the military men, they will move back. They are not so silly to wait intrepid for the heavy, precise and devastate military fire. Nor to presume of courage, in front of enemies with weapons of superior range and characteristics and capable of turning a surface target into a destruction zone. Also there are the time and its corollary, the opportunity. The Taliban handle very well the tactical and operational times. They are masters of the patience, the waiting, the repetition of trainings, simple and easy. For the important attacks they manage to use scale models of the goal. And, to penetrate in a base and attack the heavy and evident war aircrafts, only need to represent part of the perimeter, the directional location of the target and its identification, as well as the rejection fighting positions of the irruption point.

None of the laws of the war defined in the Geneva and The Hague conventions favor the Taliban fighting. The condition of right belligerent is granted by the fulfillment of them. For it, the bands should go uniformed, exhibiting the weapons, commanded by a chief and acting in name of a state that was retaining the sovereignty of, at least, a part of his territory. In the other cases, the national legislations are applied. They are specially hard in the cases of armed sedition. And qualifying of assassins, terrorists or bandits without entrails, to the rebels. Though, it is true that, in general, is suitable to smooth the “manual” treatment given to the partisans, to not irritate the positions and to no re-grow the excesses and the losses.

Enough hours before 12 pm of Thursday, the 13th of September, the Taliban forces began to approach from several directions to the air zone of the Complex. To keep a low tactical trace, they followed dragging techniques in their advance to the security zone of the area. And up to there got, without being detected, 45 to 50 insurgents that, in three convergent spears of advance attacked by midnight, supported by their squad organic weapons. Not to being detected up to the beginning of the assault, also helped them the scanty combative availability of the men. And the tedious and unproductive routine of the guards and patrols, which creates the passive defense of a great protective barrack. Approximately 15 Taliban from two of the groups, managed to get through Camp Bastion’s perimeter and to attack effectively the air zone. Finally the attacking group was wiped out (dead and injured men and prisoners).

It was a «significant» assault, the British Defense Department declared, as the insurgents should never have come so far away. It was, admitted the ISAF, a «good coordinated» attack. Organized in three assault groups, the Taliban managed to get through the defense perimeter of the base. «They were well equipped and trained, dressing USA Army uniforms and armed with automatic rifles, grenade-launcher and explosive jackets», continued the ISAF in his communique. This mission assured that during the assault, the international troops killed 14 insurgents and hurt other one, who is arrested.

The British correspondents in Afghanistan assured that Camp Bastion has an excellent visibility from all parts and is extremely strengthened. The defense correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, who has been for more than twelve times in Camp Bastion, wrote on Sunday, the 14th: «In spite of being in the center of the most dangerous province of Afghanistan, I always felt completely sure, undoubtedly, of an assault of the Taliban. And honestly I believed that there were more possibilities of dying knocked down by a military vehicle that murdered by insurgents». The forces of the coalition, make clear the correspondents, ask themselves how the Taliban were capable of giving this surprise attack a strengthened and isolated complex barrack. And a spokesperson, Adam Wojack, said that the Friday assault «was a sign for the coalition that it is necessary to give many attention to the popular, local and international state of mind about Afghanistan».

On Monday, the 10th of September Zabihullah Mujahid, a spokesman insurgent, declared to Reuters that the Taliban were trying to use all his resources to kill the prince Henry (also called «Harry the Nude»), third in the succession line to the British throne. After the facts, another Taliban spokesman underlined that they attacked in «revenge» for the American amateur movie which offends Mohammed. And that they choose to commit an attack against Camp Bastion, because the prince Harry was there, acting as co-pilot gunner in the Joint Air Group.

The Latest British Misfortunes in Afghanistan

On how a passive defense is inoperative and shameful in the counter insurgency war!!

Let’s see the «vital path» of the British in the current conflict. Of the “warlike fervor” of these «European technologically modern soldiers», give faith the operations carried out for years in Helmand province. After the war of 2001, which ended with the medieval theocratic radical intransigent regime of the Taliban, close to Lashkar Gal city, Helmand’s capital, up to 8 thousand British soldiers established themselves. That were successively relieved by their replacements in «tours of duty». This powerful contingent of professional experienced soldiers was unable in almost 7 years to fight, replacing the culture of opium in Helmand and appeasing the province, for the effective implantation in her of the Government of Kabul. To solve this operational Gordian knot of the ISAF, cutting it with a slit, it was decided…

The last great Offensive against the Taliban in Helmand: Marjah’s battle.

The “Operation Moshtarak” («Together», in dari, one of the afghan languages) began at Friday, February 12, 2010. For the operation approximately 15 thousand allied soldiers have met, from the ISAF and Afghanis. The USA contingent had around 4 thousand marines and 800 soldiers from the US Army. The Afghans were 2 thousand men and they accompanied the Americans in the attacks and occupations. The British were 4 thousand men and there were groups from Canada, Denmark and Estonia.

There were several operational aims in the “Operation Together”. The first was to aim a rapid and forceful blow to the Taliban, going forward to their usual spring operations. And showing them who have taken now the initiative. And as corollary, to try again to appeasing Helmand, for the effective and final implantation of the Government of Kabul in it. In the strategy of counterinsurgency is sought to clean the zone of the Taliban and to protect the inhabitants of their influence. It is supposed that the transcendence of the operations success will be indefinite. As the Government cannot request the loyalty of the people, if this is not defended effectively and permanently of the reprisals of the Taliban.

Also, it was the goal of eradicating the drug production in Marjah’s district. According with the UNO Agency for the Fighting against the Drug and the Organized Crime, 42% of the world opium is produced in Helmand’s province. And Marjah is one of the principal centers of the culture of the poppy and its chemical processing. The British were previously in charge of attacking its culture in the zone. But their efforts, up to the last summer, were insufficient and ineffective to achieve these two principal aims. In spite of the presence, at 40 Km from Marjah’s ville, of more than eight thousand British soldiers.

Another operational aim was giving field to the soldiers of the Afghan Army. Increasing their auto esteem and their military experience, trying his operational and organizational capacities and confirming his loyalties with the Government. Finally, it was wished that Marjah would be a «testing and checking center» for the different skills and techniques of pacification and civil development, of immediate and future application in the rest of the country. In a war against “national armed rebels”, these civil operations are the “other arm», complementary and necessary, of the successfully military actions over they.

The battle was carried out more in advancing and bombarding or shelling the suspicious positions. The allied troops were occupying and consolidating the successful advances. The external siege and the control of the possible escape routes of the guerrillas were in charge of the British and the auxiliary forces of Canada, Denmark and Estonia. That also defended the allied road links. The operation was completed in a month.

The Taliban, a light irregular infantry, without artillery or aviation, with a pedestrian and insufficient logistics, were beaten and removed from their combat positions in Marjah, dispersing finally, largely to the bordering provinces. And Marjah remained occupied by the Marines and the forces of the Afghan Army. A whole labor staid ahead now to earn the respect, the confidence and the loyalty of the villagers. And that they begin to accept the central Afghan government. Also it is necessary to offer them a future of peace, safety and prosperity. Replacing their current means of life, based on the opium poppy culture and the drug transport, by others that turn out to be reasonably profitable. And that do not move them simply to a subsistence agriculture without hope. Marines are excellent elite action forces. But in the vulgar and patient tasks of occupation and civilization of a more or less hostile and strange territory, they are mediocre, distant with people and no motivated.

In the province of Kandahar, the fief of the mulah Omar and the first national quarry of the Taliban, there were then almost 3000 Canadian troops, with the American and British forces. It was one of the first fighting «fronts» against the insurgency in the country, together with Helmand and the frontier Eastern provinces. As continuation of the cleaning in Marjah and at “load snort” of its military success, the allies decided to launch during the spring and the summer of 2010, the «Operation Kandahar», with almost the same operational aims that the first one. It was trying to make an intensive use of the operations of search and destruction of the enemy, to divide and disperse him. That would go at charge the elite units of of the armies, forming patrols of exploration, of combat and mixed, backed by Afghan soldiers and using the tactical aviation and artillery supports and the exploratory and precise fire capacities of the «drones». It was talked about the Battle of Kandahar. But, within a few weeks of initiated, his momentum was languishing. And losing initiative, creativity, will and applied force. And it was stopped speaking about her. In this epoch, the journalists detached in military units and populations in Afghanistan warned us that the «green outbreaks» of the insurgency were appearing, as vigorous and firm renews, within Marjah and Nad Ali…

In Afghanistan are present military forces from approximately 46 countries. Some of them are dedicated to support, garrison and rear tasks. As being a great coalition, without subordinating to it any of the interests that to each country dictate his needs and his political commitments, the coincidences between the allies are partial, have continuity solutions and are unstable through time. This intrinsic fragility of the coalition, is born in that almost all the allies do not practice State policies, but temporal or, worst enough, electoral. It is necessary to indicate that this owes largely to that there is not a clear perception of the Afghan problem. Not of his direct or indirect, immediate or distant nearness, to the national respective defense interests.

The great British military Complex Bastion in Helmand’s province.

Helmand is one of 32 provinces of Afghanistan. It spreads over 58.583 km ² at the southwest of the country and has a population around the million and half of inhabitants, of the pashtun and baluchi ethnias. The capital is Laskar Gah. In his Washer’s district, at the northwest of the capital, the Camp Bastion is installed. It is the principal military British base in Afghanistan. It can house between 20 and 30 thousand persons in all its facilities, British and American principally, depending on the Branch to which they belong and their missions, equipments and supplies. It occupies a total extension of 52 Km2, approximately 10 km per 5 km. It was designed to be the center of the logistic operations of the ISAF in Helmand. In addition, it is the major military British camp constructed outside their country after the II World War. Built by the British Engineers since the beginning of 2006, the Complex is placed in a desert zone and away from the populations and provided with long clear sights in all dirThe Latest British Misfortunes in Afghanistanections.

The Camp is divided structurally in different «sections». Bastion 1 and 2 are first erected. Bastion 2 contains also the Camp Barber (USA) and the Camp Viking (Danish). Bastion 0 was added about 2010 and it houses the facilities of the external contractors. The Bastion 3 is used for the specific training of counterinsurgency. The Complex also includes Camp Leatherneck (of the USMC) and Camp Shorabak, of the National Afghan Army. Camp Bastion’s airport, which possesses two landing strips, attends approximately 600 aircraft flights every day, in operations of combat, logistic and medicals. In the attached heliport are deployed the Westland WAH-6 Apache of multiple attack and the Boeing CH-47 Chinook of mixed transport. In these moments the Complex can handle and attend almost all the military and civil aircraft in use. The Complex also houses a great military campaign hospital. And large areas of this great base are protected by a nine meters high concrete wall, which spreads over a perimeter of more of 40km, inserted with special vigilance towers, with soldiers and high technology instruments.

(to be continued)

The Persons, the Virtues and the healthy, strong and resilience Societies

The three form the firm and natural joint of men in their social life, along their appearance and development from the Prehistory. But, some of the parameters of this «human triad» can degenerate or be consumed. And, then, the «operational conjunction» that they form, will put the personal and the collective survival of their members in serious danger of hurt, decay or destruction. And the «inner social links», upset or degenerated according with the intensity of the «test». Will develop in illogical, selfish or evil «attitudes and actions». So turning the “social fabric”, in a medley of “small groups” of human beings without polarity or illusion.

The Interaction between the Persons and their Society.

The identity of a man is his «natural card» of personals distinction and affirmation. She refers always to a comparison in essence and accidents with «something» similar. The man is, feels and differs, as such and in fullness, in a social «set». To which he belongs and that accepts him as member and full participant. And exist some «bonds», which unite, integrate, nourish and keep working the social healthy, active and resilience «union». And these are the rights and duties of both «personal and collective parts». That must be respected and reciprocal, in balance and parity of use and right, fulfilled and defended by they.

The Development and the Functioning of the Human Reciprocal Links in his basic and higher Societies.

The internal relations of the human groups are characterized by incorporate into them certain rites, rules, attitudes and taboos. Their assumption and repetitive expression form a part of the social upbringing, affirmation and cohesion of these «groups». Always will exist a «code of customs and honor», not necessarily written, though it will be clear and defined in his terms. That establishes to the individual certain rights and demands from him certain social duties, towards the family, the friends and other human higher groups. In any society exist several «protective values». These might be the hospitality, the loyalty, the friendship, the justice on outrages and hurts, a divine worship, the individual and collective honor. Each one protects and enlarges in some measure or degree the human «set». The interpersonal relations, in the areas of the family, the group and the region, are projected by the opportunity, the nearness, the exchange of goods and the relations. And they take root and affirm with the loyalty, the respect to the accepted rules and the time of treatment. Always an excess of regulation, looking for the insurance of the objective responsibilities, ends up by being harmful for all the «groups». Because they are the «ideological antonyms» of the social shared responsibilities. The «undue plethora» of super elaborated and ultra rational rules enervates and debilitates the sense of the responsibility and the moral courage (necessary to assume and exercise her). And the reflexes and attitudes of collective responsibility are diluted and get lost.

Their real «engine and fuel» will be the «reasonable, suitable, opportune and attainable illusion» and the «enthusiasm». Without illusion and enthusiasm they can neither be undertaken nor realize with consistency, human enterprises of benefit. The enthusiasm is a force of the spirit, illuminated by the reasonable illusion. That wins the «moral and ideological entropy» generated inevitably with the time in the societies. This social entropy is the psychic and spiritual set of the decay and the softness. That are generated by the personal and collective disappointment and disenchantment of the members of the group.

Of the social crises it is only possible to go out fortifying in the values and virtues. The values and virtues recognized, taken again and reaffirmed are those who can give us the force and the illusion to overcome the decadence times. Those are the «actions and qualities» of human reference, regarded and valued permanently by the human societies. The virtues are very stable in the time. The values are the human «qualities and actions», estimated only temporary and/or locally by some societies. And, principally, by virtue of his idiosyncrasy, living conditions and pressures received from the exterior. The cultural and social values are in the habit of being evolving with the contingencies, the displacements and the fortunes of the human societies.

The Virtues are provided principally by the elaborated religions, and by Cicero’s Speeches and Plato’s Dialogs, within our extensive western ideology. We mention the principal ones, which are absorbed and assumed in the human soul:

Appreciation of the family, the social group, the friendship and the nice and curious strangers who come to our environment. It is the vital environment that sustains us, the «social humus» fertile and indispensable.

Need of punishment of the conducts that are separated sufficiently of the social rules. To avoid the free, excessive or untied revenge, to dissuade the possible infringer, to satisfy in justice the damages and the hurts and to reform the mistaken conducts.

Need of the education, as mark and seal of the good doing and of the social citizenship. And the formation as set of the knowledge and professional skills, necessary for the service to the family and the society, with the exercise of a way of life decent and sufficient.

Appreciation of the respect and the worship to the divinity, as recognition and veneration of the Necessary Being who creates and supports us, and, in some cases, helps us frankly and directly. And it makes concrete according to the ideology and the social environment lived.

Valuation of the different duties to fulfill as necessary, vital and social counterpart, of the several right to receive. Valuation of the sobriety, the effort, the saving, the commitment, the study and formation and the work, as necessary factors and means for the progressive and just attainment of the personal and collective aims.

The Social Activities and the Importance of the Direction and the Commands.

Let’s not forget the essential function of «command, management, impulse and example» of the social leaders of all kinds, present in the homes, the schools, the churches, the political parties, the barracks, the trade unions, the working centers, the associations in general, etc. These are the cores of the collective activity of the society. Where are created the “reciprocal human links” of the higher society. Where the indispensable “illusion and enthusiasm» will settle themselves and bloom later. In the decadence, those leaders must accentuate their example. Because, the values and the virtues cannot be seen and felt as something artificial and/or remote, without real connection with a practical and lived code. And they are not acceptable as impositions of “cold rules and regulations», dictated from a «supposed moral and intellectual apex» of the society.